International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 84-98 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 92 Figure 2 The central dogma of systems biology showing the flow of information from DNA to phenotype (Adopted from Raza et al., 2021) Image caption: Step-wise presentation of OMICS approaches for studying abiotic stress responses. Ultimately, the integration of omics tools, primarily genomics (mainly single-cell/tissue-specific) leads toward the genetic improvement of rapeseed by modulating several agronomic traits such as environmental stress tolerance, yield, plant height, seed rate, flowering, photosynthesis, and respiration rate, root and shoot length, grain quality and yield, biomass production, etc (Adopted from Raza et al., 2021) 7 Case Studies 7.1 Success stories of drought-tolerant rapeseed varieties Some rapeseed varieties have shown outstanding tolerance under drought stress conditions, providing important material resources for drought-resistant breeding. For example, JYZ 158 and FY 520 performed well in the PEG-6000 simulated drought experiment. They not only maintained a high level of antioxidant enzyme activity, but also accumulated a large amount of osmotic regulating substances such as proline and soluble sugars, which are physiological indicators that help alleviate drought-induced cell damage. In addition, these varieties maintained high chlorophyll content and low malondialdehyde (MDA) levels under water stress, indicating that they have strong photosynthetic efficiency and cell membrane stability (Figure 3) (Batool et al., 2022). As a representative drought-resistant rapeseed variety, RGS003 shows remarkable yield stability under water-deficient conditions. Compared with ordinary varieties, this genotype has a significantly smaller yield reduction in water stress environments (Rahimi-Moghaddam et al., 2021). This excellent drought resistance stems from its unique genetic background, which enables it to maintain high physiological activity and yield potential. As a precious material for drought-resistant breeding, RGS003 provides an important genetic resource for breeding new varieties adapted to drought environments. 7.2 Comparative analysis of drought-resistant traits under different environments The expression of drought-resistant traits in different environmental backgrounds and simulated stress conditions shows significant diversity. Taking PEG-6000 simulated drought treatment as an example, a systematic evaluation of 24 rapeseed varieties revealed obvious differentiation: outstanding varieties such as JYZ 158 and FY 520
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