International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 51-63 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 53 Figure 1 Population structure of Cannabis accessions (Adopted from Ren et al., 2021) Image caption: (A) Geographic distribution (i.e., sampling sites of feral plants or country of origin of landraces and cultivars) of the samples analyzed in this study; Color codes correspond to the four groups obtained in the phylogenetic analysis and shapes indicate domestication types; The two empty red squares symbolize drug-type cultivars obtained from commercial stores located in Europe and the United States; For sample codes; (B) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at fourfold degenerate sites, using H. lupulus as outgroup; Bootstrap values for major clades are shown; (C) Bayesian model-based clustering analysis with different number of groups (K = 2 to 4). Each vertical bar represents one Cannabis accession, and the x axis shows the four groups; Each color represents one putative ancestral background, and the y axis quantifies ancestry membership. (D) Nucleotide diversity and population divergence across the four groups; Values in parentheses represent measures of nucleotide diversity (π) for the group, and values between pairs indicate population divergence (FST); (E) Principal component analysis (PCA) with the first two principal components, based on genome-wide SNP data. Colors correspond to the phylogenetic tree grouping (Adopted from Ren et al., 2021) In China, the ancient nature of cannabis cultivation has been well documented. In the Chinese "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", hemp seeds are listed as one of the "five grains". This shows that at least in the Spring and Autumn Period of China, the local people have been very familiar with and understand the domestication of cannabis (Brand and Zhao, 2017). In "Erya", the cannabis plant is divided into Yin and Yang, indicating that the ancients had taken the male and female cannabis as a mark and skillfully mastered and used it. In other regions, historical accounts indicate that it also occurred in southern Russia, the southern Caucasus, and other regions. The
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