International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 241-251 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 246 provide a valuable resource for understanding how epigenetic changes influence phenotypic traits. The identification of species-specific methylation motifs and the prevalence of methylated genes suggest that epigenetic regulation is a key factor in fig domestication (Usai et al., 2019). These findings underscore the potential for epigenetic mechanisms to drive rapid phenotypic changes in figs as well. 7 Biotechnological Advances and Genetic Engineering 7.1 Recent biotechnological interventions in fig cultivation Recent advancements in biotechnology have significantly impacted the cultivation of figs, focusing on enhancing genetic diversity, disease resistance, and overall crop yield. The completion of reference genome sequences for many crops, including figs, has provided a foundation for high-throughput resequencing, which accelerates crop improvement by enabling detailed comparisons of individual plant genomes (Morrell et al., 2011). This genomic data facilitates the identification of genetic variations that can be harnessed to improve fig cultivation. Moreover, the development of novel genetic tools, such as plasmid-based systems and CRISPR/Cas9, has revolutionized the field of plant biotechnology. These tools allow for precise genetic modifications, enabling the introduction of desirable traits such as increased resistance to pests and diseases, improved fruit quality, and enhanced environmental adaptability (Riley and Guss, 2021). The integration of these advanced biotechnological methods into fig cultivation practices promises to optimize growth conditions and improve overall productivity. 7.2 Genetic engineering techniques employed in fig research Genetic engineering techniques have become indispensable in fig research, providing the means to manipulate the fig genome with high precision. One of the primary methods employed is the use of CRISPR/Cas9, a powerful genome-editing tool that allows for targeted modifications at specific genetic loci. This technique has been instrumental in introducing beneficial traits and studying gene function in figs (Nora et al., 2019). Additionally, the use of recombinant DNA methods, guided by genomic data, has enabled the domestication of figs in ways that mimic conventional breeding but with greater efficiency and precision. This approach involves the insertion of transgenes to confer desired traits, such as improved fruit size, flavor, and resistance to environmental stresses (Strauss, 2003). However, the regulatory landscape for field trials of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains a significant challenge, potentially hindering the widespread adoption of these technologies. Gene stacking, which involves the introduction of multiple genes to achieve complex trait improvements, is another technique being explored in fig research. Despite its potential, gene stacking faces technical challenges, such as ensuring stable expression and int (eraction of multiple transgenes within the plant genome (Halpin, 2005). Overcoming these hurdles will be crucial for the successful application of genetic engineering in fig cultivation. 8 Case Study: Genomic Insights into Mediterranean Fig Cultivation 8.1 Background on Mediterranean fig varieties The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is a significant fruit crop in the Mediterranean region, valued for its nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. Historically, figs, along with olives and grapes, were among the first fruit trees domesticated in the Near East. The domestication process involved a shift from sexual reproduction in the wild to vegetative propagation under cultivation, which facilitated the rapid buildup of variation in domesticated crops through introgression from wild gene pools. This historical context underscores the importance of figs in early Mediterranean agriculture and their continued relevance today. 8.2 Genomic studies on Mediterranean figs and their impact on agricultural practices Recent genomic studies have provided valuable insights into the genetic diversity and structure of fig populations in the Mediterranean basin. An ex situ collection of 60 fig accessions, including 41 indigenous Greek and 19 from other Mediterranean countries, was analyzed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (Figure 3). The study revealed relatively low allelic variation among Greek fig genotypes but highlighted an excess of heterozygosity and extensive outbreeding, indicating a weak genetic structure with significant variation within individual clusters (Sclavounos et al., 2021). This genetic diversity is crucial for sustainable fig production and breeding efforts.
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