International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 241-251 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 241 Feature Review Open Access The Domestication History, Genetic Diversity, and Genomics Progress of Figs AnnieNyu The HITAR Institute Canada, British Columbia, Canada Corresponding author: annienyu@hitar.org International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, 2024, Vol.14, No.5 doi: 10.5376/ijmeb.2024.15.0025 Received: 27 Aug., 2024 Accepted: 06 Oct., 2024 Published: 14 Oct., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Nyu et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Nyu A., The domestication history, genetic diversity, and genomics progress of figs, International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, 14(5): 241-251 (doi: 10.5376/ijmeb.2024.15.0025) Abstract This study summarizes the domestication history, genetic diversity, and genomic advancements of the fig (Ficus carica L.), exploring the genetic evolution of this ancient crop from its wild origins to cultivation. As one of the early domesticated crops in the Mediterranean region, figs demonstrate a transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a change that facilitated the rapid accumulation of genetic variation in cultivation. Through high-throughput genomic sequencing and epigenetic marker analysis, the research reveals the genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms during fig domestication. Moreover, the study explores the potential applications of current genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 in fig breeding, offering new strategies for improving disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield in figs. The advancements in genomics provide a valuable scientific foundation for the sustainable development and agricultural practices of figs, while also paving new paths for future breeding strategies and agricultural innovations. Keywords Fig domestication; Genetic diversity; Genomics; CRISPR/Cas9; Epigenetics 1 Introduction Figs (Ficus carica L.) have been a staple in human agriculture and diet for millennia, recognized for their nutritional value and versatility. As one of the oldest domesticated fruit species, figs are cultivated globally, particularly in regions with Mediterranean climates. The fruit is rich in essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it a valuable component of a balanced diet. Additionally, fig seeds have been identified as a significant source of minor oils with high unsaturation levels and potent antioxidant properties, further enhancing their nutritional profile (Irchad et al., 2023). The phenotypic diversity observed in fig cultivars underscores their potential for various applications in food and health industries (Irchad et al., 2023). Understanding the domestication history and genetic diversity of figs is crucial for several reasons. It provides insights into the evolutionary processes that have shaped the current fig varieties, which are essential for conservation and breeding programs. Traditional agroecosystems, such as those in Morocco, serve as conservatories and incubators of fig varietal diversity, maintaining a rich genetic pool that is vital for the species’ adaptability and resilience (Achtak et al., 2010). Moreover, advancements in genomics, such as the development of a high-quality reference genome for figs, have opened new avenues for research into the relationship between genetic and epigenetic changes and phenotypic traits (Usai et al., 2019). These genomic resources are invaluable for breeding programs aimed at improving fig cultivars for better yield, disease resistance, and nutritional quality. This study is to consolidate current knowledge on the domestication history, genetic diversity, and genomics progress of figs. By synthesizing findings from various studies, this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing fig cultivation and improvement. We expect this study to highlight the significant genetic resources available within fig germplasm, the role of traditional agroecosystems in preserving genetic diversity, and the latest advancements in fig genomics, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and utilization of figs in agriculture and diet.
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