International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 229-240 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 237 Further efforts should focus on the application of advanced genomic tools to conduct association studies that link genetic variants with agronomic traits, such as yield, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. This knowledge can drive the development of improved rice varieties through molecular breeding techniques. Exploring the epigenetic mechanisms underlying trait expression in rice landraces could provide new insights into the adaptability and resilience of these varieties. Investigating the role of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in regulating gene expression under various environmental conditions will be a critical area of research (Li et al., 2021). Integrating socio-economic studies with genetic research will be essential to understand the impact of breeding programs on local communities and to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources. Engaging with policymakers to develop supportive frameworks for the protection of traditional knowledge and genetic resources is also paramount (Bhullar and Gruissem, 2019). 8 Concluding Remarks The genetic diversity of Myanmar’s core landrace rice varieties represents a critical reservoir of traits essential for the resilience and sustainability of rice cultivation. Our study has highlighted the significant genetic variability within these landraces, which has been shaped by diverse agro-ecological conditions and traditional farming practices. However, current studies face limitations, including insufficient high-resolution genomic data, inconsistent methodologies, and inadequate geographic and ecological coverage of sampled populations. Despite these challenges, recent advancements in genomic technologies and participatory breeding approaches present promising opportunities for more comprehensive and effective genetic diversity studies. To advance genetic diversity studies in Myanmar, it is imperative to prioritize the collection and conservation of underrepresented landrace varieties. Establishing a centralized, accessible database for genetic and phenotypic data will facilitate better collaboration and data sharing among researchers. The application of advanced genomic tools, such as whole-genome sequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing, should be expanded to conduct detailed association studies linking genetic variants with key agronomic traits. Exploring the epigenetic mechanisms underlying trait expression and integrating socio-economic studies with genetic research will further enhance our understanding of the adaptability and resilience of rice landraces. Engaging policymakers to develop supportive frameworks for the protection of traditional knowledge and genetic resources is also crucial for the sustainable use and conservation of these valuable genetic resources. The genetic diversity inherent in Myanmar’s core landrace rice varieties offers immense potential for enhancing the resilience and productivity of rice crops in the face of climate change and other challenges. By addressing current limitations and leveraging emerging technologies and approaches, researchers can unlock the full potential of these landraces. This will not only contribute to the sustainable development of Myanmar’s rice agriculture but also provide valuable insights for global rice breeding efforts. The continued study and conservation of these genetic resources are vital for ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the future. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the initial draft of this paper, whose critical evaluations and constructive suggestions have greatly contributed to the improvement of our manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the grants from the Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project (grant nos. 202207AA110010) and the Key and Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan (grant nos. 202202AE09002102). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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