International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 147-161 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 150 Waimea, Hawaii, our knowledge of ecologically, geographically, and taxonomically diverse radiations (Figure 2), providing a more comprehensive display of the diversity of processes encompassed under the umbrella of adaptive radiation (Gillespie et al., 2020). Figure 2 Model systems studied by contributors of the AGA 2018 President’s Symposium: Origins of Adaptive Radiation (Adopted from Gillespie et al., 2020) Image caption: Yellow dots represent areas where field studies have been conducted and do not accurately represent the full geographic distribution of each group. Anti-clockwise from top-right: Mediterranean labrine wrasses, Alpine charr (Salvelinus umbla complex), European Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.), Caribbean Anolis lizards, San Salvador pupfish (Cyprinodon sp.), spadefoot toads (Spea sp.), stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Hawaiian spiders, Laupala crickets, Nesophrosyne leafhoppers, Hawaiian Metrosideros plants, Hyposmocoma moths, Hawaiian honeycreepers, Hawaiian Bidens, Galapagos land snails (Bulimulus sp.), Darwin’s finches (Geospiza sp.), mainland Anolis lizards, Heliconius butterflies, Nesospiza finches of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, African Great Lake cichlids, and Cameroon crater lake cichlids. Photography credits anti-clockwise from top right: O. Seehausen, O. Seehausen, O. Seehausen, J. Stroud, C. Martin, D. Pfennig, A. Hendry, R. Gillespie, K. Shaw, G. Bennett, E. Stacy, D. Rubinoff, J. Jeffreys, M. Knope, C. Parent, A. Hendry, J. Stroud, J. Mallet, P. Ryan, C. Wagner, C. Martin (Adopted from Gillespie et al., 2020) 4.2 Classic examples of adaptive radiation Darwin’s finches are a classic example of adaptive radiation, where a single ancestral species of finch diversified into multiple species with different beak shapes and sizes, each adapted to different food sources on the Galápagos Islands. This diversification was driven by ecological opportunities and the absence of competing species (Gillespie et al., 2020). Cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes represent another well-documented case of adaptive radiation. These fishes have diversified into hundreds of species with varying feeding strategies, body shapes, and behaviors. Mechanisms driving this rapid diversification include ecological opportunities, hybridization, and genetic covariation, which have facilitated the evolution of novel traits and species (Bell and Travis, 2005; Keller et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2015). Anolis lizards in the Caribbean have also undergone adaptive radiation, resulting in a wide variety of species adapted to different microhabitats, such as tree trunks, branches, and grass. This diversification is driven by ecological opportunities and morphological innovations that allow the lizards to exploit different niches (Gillespie et al., 2020).
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