International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 174-185 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 183 approaches, such as X-ray micro-computed tomography and genomic studies, scientists can more accurately reconstruct beetle evolutionary history, uncovering the complexity and diversity of insect evolution. The future holds vast potential for research in beetle morphology and evolution. The application of new technologies, such as advanced imaging and genomic analysis, will continue to propel this field forward, enabling the discovery of more unanswered questions. Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches will further deepen our understanding of beetles and their ecosystems, revealing more about the dynamic processes of species co-evolution and environmental adaptation. Continuous exploration and research will not only provide a more comprehensive understanding of beetle evolutionary history but also offer important references for the evolutionary studies of other insect groups, thereby advancing the broader field of evolutionary biology. Acknowledgments The author thanks the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough review of this study and for their valuable suggestions for improvement. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Asgari M., Alderete N., Lin Z., Benavides R., and Espinosa H., 2020, A matter of size? material, structural and mechanical strategies for size adaptation in the elytra of Cetoniinae beetles, Acta Biomaterialia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.039 PMid:33359296 Bai M., Beutel R., Song K., Liu W., Malqin H., Li S., Hu X., and Yang X., 2012, Evolutionary patterns of hind wing morphology in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae), Arthropod Structure & Development, 41(5): 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.05.004 PMid:22659152 Brandmayr P., 2020, An outlook on the evolutionary history of Carabid beetles (Coleoptera, adephaga), 97: 15-46. https://doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2020.15 Cai C., Tihelka E., Giacomelli M., Lawrence J., Ślipiński A., Kundrata R., Yamamoto S., Thayer M., Newton A., Leschen R., Gimmel M., Lü L., Engel M., Huang D., Pisani D., and Donoghue P., 2021, Integrated phylogenomics and fossil data illuminate the evolution of beetles, Royal Society Open Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.22.461358 Evans M., Barton P., Niwa S., Soga M., Seibold S., Tsuchiya K., and Hisano M., 2022, Climate-driven divergent long-term trends of forest beetles in Japan, Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14082 PMid:35904819 Fikáček M., Beutel R., Cai C., Lawrence J., Newton A., Solodovnikov A., Ślipiński A., Thayer M., and Yamamoto S., 2020), Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses - Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?), Systematic Entomology, 45. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12386 Fox C., and Messina F., 2018, Evolution of larval competitiveness and associated life‐history traits in response to host shifts in a seed beetle, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13222 PMid:29220874 Frantsevich L., Gorb S., Radchenko V., and Gladun D., 2015, Lehr’s fields of campaniform sensilla in beetles (Coleoptera): functional morphology, III, Modification of elytral mobility or shape in flying beetles, Arthropod Structure & Development, 44(2): 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2014.11.004 PMid:25499796 Garrick R., Nason J., Fernández-Manjarrés J., and Dyer R., 2013, Ecological coassociations influence species’ responses to past climatic change: an example from a Sonoran Desert bark beetle, Molecular Ecology, 22. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12318 PMid:24624419 Goczał J., and Beutel R., 2023, Beetle elytra: evolution, modifications and biological functions, Biology Letters, 19. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0559 PMid:36855857 PMCid:PMC9975656
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