International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 108-119 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 114 6.2 Genomic studies on Asian primates (orangutans) Genomic studies on Asian primates, particularly orangutans, have provided valuable insights into their population history and adaptive evolution. For example, high-quality genome assemblies of orangutans have enabled the identification of lineage-specific genetic variations and structural changes (Chaisson et al., 2018). These studies have highlighted the importance of structural variations in shaping the genetic landscape of orangutans and their adaptive evolution. Comparative analyses have also shown that orangutans possess unique genetic features that distinguish them from other great apes. These features include specific structural variants and gene expression patterns that have evolved over millions of years (Stone and Verrelli, 2006). Such findings underscore the significance of genomic studies in understanding the evolutionary dynamics and population history of Asian primates. 6.3 Population genomics of New World monkeys (capuchins, howler monkeys, and marmosets) New World monkeys, such as capuchins (genus Cebus), howler monkeys (genus Alouatta), and marmosets (genus Callithrix), have been studied to understand their genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Capuchins, known for their intelligence and complex behaviors, exhibit significant genetic diversity across their range (Aristide et al., 2013). Howler monkeys, with their distinct vocalizations and folivorous diet, show genetic differentiation that corresponds with their geographic distribution. Marmosets, small and socially complex primates, provide insights into the genetic basis of social behavior and adaptation. 7 Implications for Conservation 7.1 Genetic monitoring and management The use of genomic data in conservation planning has become increasingly feasible and essential due to advancements in sequencing technologies and the decreasing cost of genomic analyses. Genomic data can provide precise estimates of effective population size, inbreeding levels, demographic history, and population structure, which are critical for conservation efforts (Steiner et al., 2013; Hohenlohe et al., 2020). For instance, genomic tools can identify genetic loci responsible for inbreeding depression or adaptation to changing environments, thereby informing strategies to manage adaptive variation and enhance the evolutionary potential of populations (Harrisson et al., 2014; Hohenlohe et al., 2020). Genomic data can be used to identify and introduce genetic diversity into small, inbred populations to reduce inbreeding depression and increase fitness. This approach has been successfully applied in various species, where the introduction of individuals from a related subspecies increased genetic diversity and improved population viability (Steiner et al., 2013). Genomic data can also help manage captive breeding programs by ensuring that genetic diversity is maintained, which is crucial for the long-term survival of species. For example, genomic analyses have been used to manage the genetic diversity of captive primate populations, ensuring that they retain the evolutionary potential to adapt to future environmental changes (Supple et al., 2018; Orkin et al., 2020). 7.2 Identifying conservation units Defining management units based on genetic data is crucial for effective conservation planning. Genomic data can reveal fine-scale population structure and historical isolation, which are often not apparent from morphological or ecological data alone (Coates et al., 2018; Supple et al., 2018). This information can be used to delineate conservation units that represent unique genetic diversity and evolutionary potential. Genomic studies have identified distinct genetic populations within endangered primate species, such as lemurs and lorisoids, which were previously considered a single management unit. For example, the black and white ruffed lemur and the Coquerel’s sifaka, despite being critically endangered, were found to harbor considerable genetic diversity, suggesting the presence of multiple conservation units within these species (Perry et al., 2012). This information is vital for developing targeted conservation strategies that preserve the genetic integrity of each unit.
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