International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 4 1.3.2 Seed disseminators Some mammals, such as rodents and civets, play the role of seed spreaders in ecosystems. They take the fruits or seeds of plants to different places by consuming them, which helps to disperse and spread the plants. This seed dispersal is crucial for maintaining plant diversity and ecosystem stability. For example, squirrels often store pine nuts, but sometimes forget their storage location, which helps with the growth of new trees (Figure 4). Figure 4 Squirrels store pine cones to produce seed dispersal 1.3.3 Soil tillers Some mammals, such as hamsters and wild boars, search for food by digging and flipping the soil, while also altering the soil structure. The activities of these animals contribute to soil ventilation and nutrient cycling, which are crucial for maintaining soil health and vegetation growth. For example, the groundhog in North America helps to ventilate the soil and promote the growth of grasslands during the excavation process (Figure 5). Figure 5 Soil tillers - groundmice 1.3.4 Ecosystem indicators The presence and quantity of mammals can serve as indicators of ecosystem health. For example, if the number of carnivorous mammals in a forest ecosystem suddenly decreases, it may be a sign of other problems in the ecosystem, such as excessive prey or habitat destruction. Therefore, monitoring mammalian populations can help people understand and manage the health status of ecosystems. 2 Basic Concepts of Genome Adaptive Variation Genomic adaptive variation is an important and complex concept in biology (Charlesworth et al., 2017), which involves how biological populations adapt to their environment through genomic variation. Genomic adaptive
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