International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 43-51 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 48 In conclusion, constructing a sustainable sugarcane cultivation system requires a multifaceted approach that addresses soil physical and chemical quality, residue management, and erosion control. By integrating these practices, it is possible to enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of sugarcane ethanol production. 4.2 Components of sustainable sugarcane cultivation system A high-quality soil environment is fundamental to sustainable sugarcane cultivation. Soil physical quality is a critical factor, as it influences the soil’s capacity to perform its functions, such as supporting plant growth, storing and filtering water, and cycling nutrients. Research has shown that land-use change from native vegetation to sugarcane cultivation can lead to soil compaction, reduced porosity, and decreased water hydraulic conductivity, which are indicators of soil degradation (Cherubin et al., 2016). To maintain a high-quality soil environment, practices such as minimizing soil compaction, increasing soil organic matter, and avoiding excessive tillage are essential (Cherubin et al., 2016). A reasonable planting structure refers to the strategic arrangement of crops to optimize yields while minimizing environmental impacts. This includes considerations such as crop rotation, intercropping, and the appropriate use of crop residues. Studies have indicated that the management of sugarcane residues can significantly impact soil erosion, with the presence of waste on the soil surface increasing the time required for the initiation of surface runoff and reducing soil and water loss (Valim et al., 2016). Additionally, the management of sugarcane residues can influence greenhouse gas emissions from the soil (Tavares et al., 2018). Scientific management measures involve the application of knowledge and technology to improve the sustainability of sugarcane cultivation. This includes the use of precision agriculture techniques, optimized fertilizer and pesticide application, and the adoption of mechanized harvesting where appropriate. Such measures can help to reduce the environmental impacts of sugarcane cultivation, such as greenhouse gas emissions, soil degradation, and water resource depletion (Tavares et al., 2015; Prasara and Gheewala, 2016). Moreover, the implementation of best management practices can improve the socio-economic sustainability of sugarcane cultivation by increasing yields, reducing production costs, and improving labor conditions (Prasara and Gheewala, 2016). 4.3 Practical cases of sustainable sugarcane cultivation systems The expansion of sugarcane cultivation, particularly for biofuel production, has necessitated the development of sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate negative environmental impacts. In Brazil, the transition from degraded pastures to sugarcane plantations has been associated with soil compaction, reduced aeration porosity, and decreased water hydraulic conductivity, leading to an imbalance between water- and air-filled pore space in the soil (Cherubin et al., 2016). To address these issues, soil management practices that increase soil organic matter and minimize compaction are essential for preventing further soil physical quality degradation and improving the economic and environmental sustainability of sugarcane ethanol production (Cherubin et al., 2016). In North-eastern Thailand, the environmental and socio-economic impacts of sugarcane cultivation were assessed, with recommendations including optimal fertilizer and pesticide application, and zoning agricultural crops to improve sustainability (Prasara and Gheewala, 2016). The challenges faced in sustainable sugarcane cultivation include soil degradation, water resources contamination, competition between food and fuel production, and labor conditions (Goldemberg et al., 2008). Solutions to these challenges involve a multifaceted approach, including the management of sugarcane residues to reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions (Tavares et al., 2018), and the implementation of sustainable crop management practices such as crop rotation, intercropping, and precision agriculture (Putra et al., 2020). These practices not only aim to mitigate environmental impacts but also to enhance the socio-economic benefits for workers and local communities (Prasara and Gheewala, 2016; Putra et al., 2020).
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