International Journal of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 43-51 http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb 47 The maintenance and restoration of vegetation cover are also crucial for preventing soil erosion. Studies have indicated that the conversion of pastureland to sugarcane can lead to increased runoff and soil loss, particularly in the first year after planting. However, as sugarcane residue mulch ground cover increases, these levels decrease, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate ground cover to reduce erosion (Youlton et al., 2016). Optimization of irrigation and drainage systems is another vital soil management measure. Proper irrigation practices can help maintain soil structure and reduce the risk of erosion. Additionally, the management of sugarcane straw is a critical factor; while straw removal can be beneficial for bioenergy production, excessive removal rates can deplete soil organic matter, leading to soil health degradation. Therefore, moderate straw removal is recommended to balance the release of straw-carbon to the soil through decomposition, without compromising soil carbon stocks (Morais et al., 2020). 3.3 Fertilizer application strategies The intensification of sugarcane cultivation has raised concerns about soil degradation and the need for sustainable management practices. Research indicates that soil compaction, acidification, and loss of organic matter are common issues associated with intensive sugarcane cultivation (Hartemink, 2008). To address these challenges, a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended. Organic fertilizers can help increase soil organic matter levels, which in turn improves soil structure, water retention, and cation exchange capacity. The timing and measurement of fertilizer application are critical to minimize environmental impacts such as leaching and eutrophication of water bodies (Hartemink, 2008). Precision farming principles and improved crop husbandry can enhance the effectiveness of fertilizing practices, ensuring nutrients are supplied at the right time and in the right amounts to meet the crop’s needs while minimizing losses to the environment (Hartemink, 2008). 3.4 Biological control technology Biological control technology offers a promising alternative to chemical inputs for managing soil health in sugarcane cultivation. The application of microbial agents can enhance soil biological activity and contribute to the breakdown of organic matter, thereby improving soil structure and fertility (Cherubin et al., 2021). The use of plant extracts and other bioactive substances can also play a role in controlling pests and diseases while minimizing the impact on non-target organisms and the environment (Racines et al., 2022). Studies have shown that the presence of sugarcane waste on the soil surface can increase the time required for the initiation of surface runoff, thus reducing soil and water loss and increasing the infiltration rate (Valim et al., 2016). This suggests that sustainable residue management, such as the use of sugarcane waste as mulch, can be an effective strategy for controlling interrill erosion and improving soil health (Valim et al., 2016). Additionally, the impact of biological control on soil biological activity is significant, as it can lead to a more favorable biological environment and reduce the need for chemical inputs. 4 Construction of a Sustainable Sugarcane Cultivation System 4.1 Concept and characteristics of sustainable planting systems Sustainable sugarcane cultivation systems are designed to balance the need for biofuel production with environmental conservation and soil health. The concept of sustainability in sugarcane cultivation encompasses a range of practices aimed at maintaining soil quality, reducing erosion, and minimizing negative environmental impacts. Research has shown that land-use change (LUC) for sugarcane expansion, particularly in Brazil, has led to soil compaction, decreased soil porosity, and reduced water hydraulic conductivity, which are indicative of soil physical quality degradation (Cherubin et al., 2016). The transition from native vegetation or pasture to sugarcane fields has been associated with a decrease in the soil’s capacity to perform its physical functions, highlighting the need for sustainable management practices (Cherubin et al., 2016).
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