Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 237-244 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 250 been traced back to the breeding starting materials, and some are directly related to adaptation to specific environments (Salina et al., 2022). Sometimes, the presence of these variations can also inhibit unnecessary recombination, thereby stably maintaining the combination of superior traits. Whether naturally formed or preserved during the breeding process, these chromosomal rearrangements are constantly shaping the expressiveness and adaptability of modern wheat. 7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives The chromosomal structure of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) is not always stable as before. From the moment it was formed by the combination of the A, B and D genomes, various structural changes have never ceased. Over the past two decades, researchers' attention to this type of chromosomal rearrangement phenomenon has continued to rise, not only because it leaves traces in genomic evolution, but also because it can actually affect the formation of agronomic traits. Transposition, inversion, repetition, absence... These seemingly "chaotic" changes have actually played a considerable role in regulating gene expression, mitigating the interference of redundant genes, and enhancing adaptability to adverse circumstances. Isn't a classic case like the 1BL/1RS translocation the best proof that structural variations can be transformed into high-yield and disease-resistant advantages? Sometimes, it is precisely these "reassembled pieces" on the genome that endow wheat with stronger environmental adaptability and breeding potential. However, it is not that easy to figure out these structural variations. How large is the genome of wheat? 17Gb. And repetitive sequences are everywhere, like a maze. This places extremely high demands on the identification and splicing of structural variations. Although we already have some new technologies at hand, such as long-read sequencing and Hi-C, which theoretically can figure out these complex structures, in practice, the resource investment is not small. In addition, to precisely distinguish homologous sequences from the A, B, and D subgenomes, sometimes the conclusions drawn by different tools are not exactly the same, and there are always some ambiguous areas in the results. Not only that, balanced structural variations, such as inversions, remain one of the most challenging aspects to overcome in current bioinformatics detection. To clarify the specific impact of these variations on traits, it is necessary to analyze them in combination with other data such as the transcriptome and epigenome, which adds a lot of difficulty to the research. The future direction seems to be quite clear: we should not only apply these research achievements to breeding, but also prevent them from remaining just "visible but intangible". The first step is to make the detection of structural variations faster, more accurate and more stable. At the same time, the detection scope should be expanded to cover more wheat germplasm backgrounds and establish a clear "structural variation map". Next, it is not only about identification but also about verifying the function. For instance, through CRISPR/Cas splicing experiments, RNA sequencing or ATAC-seq and other means, it is further clarified which variations can truly affect the phenotype. Take it a step further and incorporate these structural variation information into the genomic selection model to truly integrate them into the breeding process. In addition, do not overlook their interaction with the environment - certain variations may only show their effects in specific climates or adverse conditions. Structural variation is not a solo battle. There are still many unsolved links in its relationship with the environment, gene expression, and phenotypic changes. In conclusion, to turn chromosomal rearrangement into a "powerful tool" in breeding, the collaboration of genomics, bioinformatics technology and breeding strategies is indispensable. Acknowledgments We appreciate Dr Wu from the Hainan Institution of Biotechnology for his assistance in references collection and discussion for this work completion. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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