Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 195-202 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 198 6 Challenges and Barriers to Implementation 6.1 Technology and infrastructure limitations Although precision agriculture is very useful in wheat cultivation, it is not easy to promote in many places. The most common problem is that the technology is expensive and small farmers cannot afford these equipment and services (Mizik, 2022). Sometimes, equipment from different brands is not compatible, and data security issues are also a headache (Wang et al., 2023). In some places, even the Internet is not stable, let alone using advanced agricultural machinery. These problems are even more obvious in rural areas or developing countries. 6.2 Economic and knowledge barriers Many farmers dare not try precision agriculture easily because the initial investment is too high and they are afraid of losing money (Kroupová et al., 2024). Especially for small farmers, funds are already tight, and they are even more afraid to invest when the payback period is long. Another practical problem is that many farmers do not know much about these new technologies and do not know how to use them. Many people have to relearn and train for a period of time before they can figure it out. Sometimes, we need the help of agricultural consultants or professional teams to really use these technologies well. 6.3 Policy and regulatory considerations Policies also have a great impact on the promotion of precision agriculture. If there is good policy support, farmers are more willing to try. But now, many regions do not have relevant subsidies or incentives (Kendall et al., 2021). In addition, everyone has concerns about data privacy. If the equipment is used, whether the information is safe and who can see the data also needs to be managed (Ofori and El-Gayar, 2020). The government can introduce some more practical policies, such as subsidies for the purchase of equipment, or investment in the construction of networks and infrastructure. In addition, the national level can also promote the popularization of agricultural technology, so that precision agriculture can be implemented faster and truly help farmers. 7 Case Study: Precision Agriculture for Wheat Production in the Indo-Gangetic Plain 7.1 Background and environment The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is an important agricultural region in South Asia, where wheat is grown extensively (Jain et al., 2017). However, the region is facing many problems, such as slow growth in wheat yields, declining soil quality, and the impact of climate change, which puts food security at risk (Figure 2). Many lands here are cultivated intensively, resulting in less groundwater being pumped out and greenhouse gases being emitted into the air (Benbi, 2018). Precision agriculture has become a good solution, which can help farmers grow more while protecting the environment. 7.2 Implementation of PA technology Many precision agriculture technologies have been used in this region. For example, "no-tillage" is one of them, as well as "precision fertilization" and "using satellite data to monitor yields" (Dinesh et al., 2024). Studies have found that no-tillage combined with retaining crop residues can prevent soil hardening and make the soil more water-retaining, resulting in better wheat growth (Kumar et al., 2013). Using tools like Green Seeker to apply nitrogen fertilizer can help farmers use fertilizer more rationally, saving money and protecting the environment (Kumar et al., 2018). In addition, using satellites to see the situation in the field can help farmers find where the yield is low, so that they can manage it in a targeted manner, and the yield will increase. 7.3 Results and lessons learned After using precision agriculture in the IGP region, wheat yields have increased significantly. No-tillage has made yields more stable and farmers have earned more, especially in places with large weather changes (Keil et al., 2020). Precision fertilization has also led to higher yields and improved the nutrient structure of the soil, indicating that this method is suitable for long-term use (Pooniya et al., 2015). Through satellite data, farmers can better understand the situation in their fields and know where they can be improved, thereby reducing yield gaps. However, it is not easy to make these technologies more popular. For example, network equipment and agricultural machinery are not enough, and farmers also need more training and guidance. Moreover, there must be some government policies to support it, such as subsidies, training programs, etc. (Park et al., 2018).
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