Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 195-202 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 197 for the spread of pests and diseases to remedy it (Barrile et al., 2025). This approach is more accurate and more environmentally friendly than the old-fashioned spraying of pesticides. It can also reduce dependence on chemical agents and protect the surrounding biodiversity. Moreover, wheat is more resistant to pests and diseases, and the yield is naturally more stable. 4 Data analysis and Decision Support Systems 4.1 Big data in agricultural decision-making Nowadays, agriculture is no longer based on experience alone, but also on data. Big data can collect a lot of information from sensors, satellites, weather stations and other places. After analyzing this data, farmers can know the situation of the land and crops more clearly and make better decisions (Chukwuma et al., 2024). For example, they can understand whether the soil is lacking water, whether the wheat is sick, or whether the weather will get bad. This information can help farmers save resources and increase yields (Saggi and Jain, 2022). 4.2 Machine learning and artificial intelligence Machine learning and artificial intelligence are now also used in farming. They can use data to make predictions, such as how much wheat can be harvested, when to water, and whether to add fertilizer (Araújo et al., 2023). Some AI tools can also help reduce the use of pesticides and improve crop quality. These technologies are particularly suitable for responding to climate change or emergencies. Farmers can use these smart tools to farm more easily without having to rely on experience all the time. 4.3 Decision support system (DSS) for farmers A decision support system, or DSS, is a tool used to help farmers make decisions. It integrates data from different places (such as soil, water, pests and diseases information) and then gives suggestions through analysis (Zhai et al., 2020). For example, there is a tool called AgroDSS, which allows farmers to upload their data and see some prediction results and know which parts of the field need special attention (Rupnik et al., 2019). These systems can help farmers avoid detours and make farming more efficient and environmentally friendly. 5 Economic and Environmental Impacts of Precision Agriculture (PA) in Wheat Cultivation 5.1 Cost-benefit analysis and farmers’ return on investment Precision agriculture can help farmers save a lot of money. For example, it can adjust the amount of fertilizer and pesticides according to different conditions in the field, which can not only save input but also increase income. Studies have found that the use of precision technologies such as "variable rate fertilization technology" (VRT) can reduce costs and increase profits, especially in areas where wheat is more cultivated (Fabiani et al., 2020). In winter wheat cultivation, if precision agriculture methods are used, the cost of fertilizers and pesticides can be greatly reduced. Although it costs some money to buy equipment or install systems at the beginning, farmers can generally make back the money later because of the high efficiency and stable yield, so the investment is still very cost-effective. 5.2 Reduce environmental footprint Another great benefit of precision agriculture is that it is more environmentally friendly. It allows us to use fertilizers and water more rationally, without more or less. As mentioned earlier, VRT technology can help us control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, reduce nutrient loss, and protect groundwater from pollution (Denora et al., 2023). In addition, with precision agriculture, energy use is more economical and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced (Balafoutis et al., 2017). This is particularly important for green agriculture. If you want wheat to grow for a long time and grow steadily, the environment cannot be destroyed. 5.3 Sustainability and climate resilience Now that weather changes are becoming more and more unstable, precision agriculture can also help. It allows farmers to flexibly adjust according to actual conditions, such as which fields should be irrigated and which fields should be fertilized. These technologies can improve resource utilization efficiency and prevent wheat production from decreasing in various climates (Yost et al., 2016). Once the climate changes suddenly, the system can respond quickly, and farmers can take measures before problems arise. This is very useful for ensuring food security and responding to future climate challenges (Wang et al., 2024).
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