Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 195-202 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 196 help us predict wheat yield and quality (Figure 1) (Rebouh et al., 2023). With this information, farmers can better arrange fertilizers, irrigation and other tasks, use them more accurately, and improve their yields. Figure 1 Wheat crop. (A) Optical image; (B) spectral image; (C) NDVI mapping (Adopted from Shafi et al., 2019) 2.2 Geographic information system (GIS) and GPS GIS and GPS are commonly used tools in precision agriculture. They can help farmers accurately map their fields and record the specific conditions of each field (Hanson et al., 2022). In this way, targeted arrangements can be made for how to plant, how much fertilizer to apply, and how much water to irrigate in different areas. GIS and GPS can also integrate various data together, allowing us to see the overall situation of the field more clearly (Finger et al., 2019). With this information, farmers can make more reasonable planting plans, reduce waste, and be more environmentally friendly. 2.3 Internet of things (IoT) and sensor networks The Internet of Things and sensor networks are changing the way wheat is grown. Now, sensors can be placed in many fields. These devices can collect real-time information, such as soil moisture, temperature, weather, and whether the wheat is sick (Sharma et al., 2021). This data can be directly transmitted to mobile phones or computers, so that farmers can understand the situation in the fields at the first time and make timely adjustments. These technologies can also automatically control operations such as irrigation and fertilization, reduce labor, and save time and effort. Coupled with machine learning algorithms, problems such as drought, pests and diseases can be predicted in advance, helping farmers prepare in advance, increase yields, reduce waste, and promote the development of green planting. 3 Improving Resource Efficiency and Yield through Precision Agriculture 3.1 Optimizing irrigation practices In areas where water is scarce, how to use water more effectively and produce more wheat is a key issue. There are many ways to use precision agriculture, such as "water shortage irrigation" and "wide-width precision planting", which have been proven to use less water and increase yields (Li et al., 2015). This approach arranges irrigation plans based on how much water wheat needs and what the climate is like. In this way, water is saved, more grain can be harvested, and farming can be more adaptable to climate change and more stable. 3.2 Site nutrient management Rational fertilizer use is also an important part of precision agriculture. Different plots of soil nutrients are different, so fertilization cannot be a one-size-fits-all approach. For example, precise control of the use of nitrogen fertilizer can not only make wheat absorb better, but also make the yield more stable (Sadhukhan et al., 2024). Now we can also use remote sensing and sensor technologies to help farmers know which plots of land are lacking what fertilizers, and then prescribe the right medicine. This not only reduces the use of fertilizers and pollution, but also makes the land healthier and the environment safer, which is really a win-win situation. 3.3 Integrated pest and disease management Pests and diseases are a long-standing problem that affects wheat yields. The solution of precision agriculture is to monitor early and deal with them in a timely manner. Farmers can use remote sensing and IoT devices to check the situation in the fields in real time. Once a problem is found, they can take action immediately without waiting
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