Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 220-229 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 223 only will the effect be reduced, but it may also cause environmental problems (Zhang et al., 2018; Si et al., 2020; Meng et al., 2024). Many years of experiments have also found that long-term use of too much nitrogen fertilizer will reduce utilization efficiency and leave a lot of excess nitrogen in the soil. If controlled at an appropriate amount, it can not only maintain yields but also reduce negative impacts on the environment (Liu et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2023). In addition, adjusting planting density, reasonable irrigation, or combining with microbial agents can further improve nitrogen utilization efficiency under different soil and water conditions (Yang et al., 2019; Hamani et al., 2023). 5 Integrated Nutrient Management for Yield Stability 5.1 Synergistic use of organic and inorganic fertilizers Integrated nutrient management (INM) is the combination of organic fertilizers (such as farmyard manure, green manure, vermicompost and biofertilizer) and inorganic fertilizers. This method has been proven in many trials to significantly increase wheat yields and improve soil conditions. Field trials have found that INM can improve nitrogen changes in the soil, increase microbial activity, and make nutrients more easily absorbed by plants, which is better than using only one fertilizer (Sharma et al., 2019; Saharan, 2023; Upadhyay et al., 2024). In the long run, adding some organic matter to chemical fertilizers can increase the organic carbon content in the soil, making the soil more fertile and allowing for longer farming (Kumar et al., 2022). Combining biochar with some nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can also increase dry matter mass and grain yield, and improve efficiency, which is very helpful for stable yield and sustainable cultivation (Sarwar et al., 2023). 5.2 Application of micronutrients to address hidden hunger In addition to conventional fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, wheat also needs some trace elements, such as zinc and boron. Adding these to INM can make food more nutritious and make plants grow healthier, thus helping to solve the problem of "hidden hunger". Field trials have shown that using biofertilizers and fertilizers containing trace elements together with ordinary nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can increase wheat yields, enhance the absorption and utilization efficiency of nutrients by crops, and make food more nutritious (Ahmed et al., 2023). If organic fertilizers are added when fertilizing, trace elements such as iron and zinc are more likely to accumulate. This combination can also enhance crop resistance and is more helpful to human nutritional health (Walia et al., 2024). 5.3 Use of controlled-release and slow-release fertilizers Nowadays, more and more people use controlled-release fertilizers and slow-release fertilizers when applying fertilizers. These fertilizers can slowly release nutrients according to the growth rhythm of crops, which is not easy to waste and more environmentally friendly. If they are used in combination with organic fertilizers and biological fertilizers, they can not only reduce the volatilization of ammonia and the loss of nitrates, but also reduce the losses caused by denitrification, which is more environmentally friendly and helps to stabilize yields (Darjee et al., 2022). This method is particularly useful in places with dense planting. Because continuous and steady supply of nutrients is very important for long-term stable yields and soil health (Xu et al., 2018). 6 Environmental and Economic Considerations 6.1 Minimizing nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emissions If we want to protect the environment, we need to be more scientific when applying fertilizers. Some methods, such as using decision support systems to guide fertilization or adding some organic materials to fertilizers, can reduce nitrate loss and greenhouse gas emissions without affecting wheat yields. For example, a technology called "Nutrition Expert System" can not only maintain wheat yields, but also reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers by more than 20%, reduce nitrate loss by 30%, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 21% (Yang et al., 2024). Other methods such as deep fertilization or low emission can further reduce these pollutions (Wang et al., 2023). Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers is also more environmentally friendly than single fertilization, and can effectively reduce nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions (Ejigu et al., 2024).
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