Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 220-229 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 221 use of nitrogen fertilizer is very important for improving yield and quality. Some new methods, such as applying coated nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, can make nitrogen fertilizer more effectively absorbed by wheat and reduce pollution to the environment, which can help wheat achieve higher and more stable yields (Figure 1) (Duncan et al., 2018; Yaseen et al., 2021). Figure 1 Impact of method of application of coated and uncoated N fertilizer on agronomic nutrient use efficiencies (kg/kg) of wheat. (a) Shows agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency, (b) shows agronomic phosphorus-use efficiency, (c) shows agronomic potassium-use efficiency. The figure also illustrates percent increase in agronomic nutrient use efficiencies due to proposed approaches for N application over standard N application ‘surface-applied uncoated N fertilizer’. Letters shows statistical significance among respective parameters (Adopted from Yaseen et al., 2021) 2.2 Phosphorus fertilizers: enhancing root development and early growth Phosphorus is very important for the early growth of wheat. It promotes better root growth, helps the internal energy transfer of the plant, and is also beneficial to the growth of the entire plant. If there is enough phosphorus fertilizer, the roots of wheat will grow deeper, the ears will be longer, and the grains will be more, and the yield will naturally increase, especially when the wheat is just beginning to grow (Singh, 2022; Singh et al., 2025). Experiments have also found that if the right amount of phosphorus fertilizer is used, it will not only make it easier for wheat to absorb nutrients, but also improve yield and harvest index. Biofortified wheat varieties respond particularly well to phosphorus fertilizers (Makhdum et al., 2024). Phosphorus can also help wheat better utilize other fertilizers, such as nitrogen and potassium, so that wheat grows more vigorously. 2.3 Potassium fertilizers: improving stress resistance and grain filling Potassium fertilizer can enhance wheat's resistance, such as its ability to adapt to adverse environments such as drought and salinity. At the same time, potassium can also help wheat fill grains and allow carbohydrates to be transported more smoothly. Although potassium fertilizer is not as easy to be deficient as nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer when using fertilizers, reasonable potassium supplementation is still very useful. In particular, when potassium fertilizer is used together with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, it can further increase yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency (Mojid et al., 2012; Yan et al., 2022a). Potassium fertilizer can also promote the transfer of nutrients to grains, allowing wheat to better utilize water and better cope with external pressures, thereby increasing overall yield.
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