Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 212-219 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 214 3.2 Drying and moisture management technology Drying and moisture management are particularly important for grains. If they are not dried well, they are easy to go bad and moldy. The drying equipment currently used can adjust the temperature and have a special drying room to keep the seeds alive and avoid rotting (Jaques et al., 2022). During storage, humidity and temperature can be monitored in real time to prevent mold growth or the appearance of toxic substances (Schmidt et al., 2018). There are also some physical methods, such as heat treatment, which can inhibit bad bacteria without adding drugs and does not affect grain quality, so they are becoming more and more popular. 3.3 Storage and preservation innovation Grain spoils easily after being stored for a long time. This is an old problem, but the current approach is different from before. It is not enough to just pile it up, but the storage environment must be controlled. Some places use coated bags, some rely on artificial cooling, and some adjust the air composition to extend the shelf life. It is not to say that these methods are suitable for all regions, but overall they are much safer than the old methods. There is another change that may not be so intuitive - smart warehouses and digital monitoring. Through networked devices and AI systems, the temperature and humidity, grain quality, and inventory status in the warehouse can be seen at a glance (Das et al., 2025). With these, there is no need to wait until the grain spoils to find out about the problem, and it can be dealt with earlier and with less trouble. In the final analysis, these new methods are not only worry-free, but also more in line with the current demand for efficiency and environmental protection. 4 Digital Integration and Synergy of Smart Agriculture 4.1 Internet of things (IoT) in harvesting and post-harvest systems The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important part of smart agriculture. By establishing connections between devices and sensors, farmers can monitor the harvesting and processing process in real time. For example, sensors can collect information such as crop growth, machine operation and weather. People can view this data remotely with a mobile phone or computer, and make adjustments immediately if there is a problem (Verdouw et al., 2021). This not only makes work more efficient, but also reduces labor, prevents losses in advance, and makes judgments more accurate (Navarro et al., 2020). 4.2 Big data and artificial intelligence applications Not all farmers trust these new technologies at once, but most of those who have used them find them convenient. Now many farms have begun to introduce big data and AI systems - it looks complicated, but in fact it is to collect various data in the field, such as soil conditions, weather, signs of pests and diseases, and then hand it over to the system for analysis. It can even tell you in advance how much you can harvest, which fields may have problems, and where to apply fertilizer and pesticides. Although some functions are not perfect yet, overall it can help farmers avoid detours and waste less water and fertilizer (Gebresenbet et al., 2023). Data is originally dead, but with these analytical tools, it can become a real basis for decision-making and may also bring new forms of services. 4.3 Cloud platforms and farm management software Data is good, but it is useless if it is scattered. The information collected by the sensors and monitors installed on the farm must be aggregated somewhere. Cloud platforms and management software play this role. They centralize various data in one system, and anyone can check it at any time (Wolfert et al., 2017). It can be operated even if you are not in the field. Farmers use mobile phones and technical consultants use computers. They can log in and see where the problem is. Some farmers have also begun to try "digital twins" - in simple terms, it is to build a virtual farm that can simulate the effects of sowing or management in advance (Cesco et al., 2023; Peladarinos et al., 2023). Although it is not yet popular, it is a good auxiliary tool for farmers who want to try and fail but dare not take risks. 5 Case Study: Mechanization in Northern India 5.1 Background and regional context When it comes to agricultural mechanization in India, many people first think of several northern provinces, such as Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. These places are indeed moving faster, not only because of the high
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