Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 175-183 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 179 Figure 2 The subcellular localization and transactivation activity of WRKY9 haplotypes (Adopted from Kan et al., 2018) Image caption: (A) Graphical representation of the full-length coding sequence of selected haplotypes. Only non-synonymous substitutions are indicated. The blue rectangle represents the WRKY domain. (B) Subcellular localization of WRKY9 haplotypes in N. benthamiana. Scale bar = 20 μm. (C) Transactivation activity of WRKY9 haplotypes in yeast. BD-HvTCP24, which contains a transactivation activity in yeast, serves as a positive control. SD, synthetic dextrose medium; Trp, tryptophan; His, histidine; Ade, Adenine. 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.000 1 denoted the different dilution series (Adopted from Kan et al., 2018) 6 Environmental Influence on Transcriptional Regulation of Root Architecture 6.1 Effects of drought, salinity, and nutrient limitations The root structure of barley changes according to environmental stress, such as drought, excessive salt, or insufficient nutrients. Plants activate certain transcription factors to initiate responses in root cells. These responses change the morphology and structure of the roots, helping plants to better absorb water and nutrients or reduce the impact of adverse environments. For example, salt stress may activate some transcription factors to inhibit the growth of lateral roots. In the case of insufficient nitrogen or phosphorus, plants change the expression of related transcription factors and hormone signaling genes to make the roots longer or more branched (Ariel et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2020; Roychoudhry and Kepinski, 2021). These changes allow roots to grow more flexibly, helping plants improve absorption efficiency and survival (Motte et al., 2019; Gouran and Brady, 2024).
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