Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 166-174 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 171 6.2 Heat stress adaptation in Australian wheat belt In Australia's main wheat-producing areas, the main goal of breeding is to ensure that wheat has stable yields in both normal and hot seasons (Langridge and Reynolds, 2021). Their methods include genetic analysis, selection of key physiological traits, and direct screening under different stress conditions. At the same time, these studies also use advanced phenotyping techniques and genomic data support. Although the process is not easy and progress has been fast and slow, these practices have helped everyone better understand the changes in wheat yield under high temperature and drought. This also explains why it is necessary to continue to innovate and integrate a variety of effective methods. 6.3 Integrated management in Mediterranean Regions In Mediterranean countries such as Morocco and Oman, local integrated management measures are used and local wheat varieties are used to cope with drought and heat (Aberkane et al., 2021). Some varieties are obtained by distant hybridization, such as the local variety "Cooley" in Oman. These wheats accumulate more antioxidant enzymes and water-retaining substances in the body when the temperature is high and drought, so the yield loss is smaller (Farooq, 2023). They also combine multiple methods, such as looking at canopy temperature, NDVI (vegetation index) and other adversity indicators, to select varieties that are more suitable for these areas. These methods improve the efficiency of screening and make wheat more adaptable to the Mediterranean climate conditions. 7 Future Perspectives and Recommendations It is not just one way. If wheat wants to withstand drought and high temperature, it has to take many approaches. Breeding alone is not enough. Agronomic measures, soil management, climate models, and even how farmers plant and whether it is cost-effective are all unavoidable. Sometimes, a stronger root structure or some resistance in the genes can really come in handy; but if the soil management can't keep up, the water that should be lost will still flow, and it can't withstand the heat. Of course, the problem is not so serious in some places, but once faced with complex climate change, it is necessary to analyze specific problems specifically. Not all regions are suitable for the same strategy. Take climate simulation as an example. It is not omnipotent, but there is a reliable model that can at least help us judge where the risk of growing wheat is greater and where there are more opportunities, which is very helpful for formulating local planting plans. Simply put, what should be combined should be combined, and what should be distinguished should not be mixed. Changing varieties or adjusting fertilizers will not solve all problems. The climate is becoming increasingly unpredictable, and wheat needs to change technology and management to keep up. Some places have tried some ways, such as improving soil, making nutrition more reasonable, and combining them with varieties that are inherently more drought-resistant and heat-resistant. The effect is indeed much better than before. Wheat that grows fast in the early stage and blooms later still has potential in the face of future climates with good management methods. However, not all measures work. Adjustments to planting structures, such as crop rotation and changing sowing periods, sound simple, but they really depend on the land and people. Not every piece of land is suitable for wheat, so doing a suitability analysis in the early stage is also very important and can avoid many detours. The problem is that the temperature is rising faster than expected. To be honest, our current breeding speed and management methods may not keep up with this pace of change. Even if technology is improving, it will be useless if we don't update data and change ideas. Therefore, in addition to technical efforts, we need to make breeding more flexible and data updates more timely, and at the same time, farmers need to understand and afford it. To promote some tools and methods, scientific research alone is not enough; policy incentives and training are also essential. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr. Huang and Dr.Qi for their assistance with the helpful discussions during the course of this research.
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