Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 166-174 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 169 when it is necessary, the effect will be different, and the impact of high temperatures can be much smaller. However, sometimes irrigation alone is not enough. Crop rotation is another method worth considering. Although it is "changing the land for planting", there are many benefits behind it, such as improving soil structure and making the land more water-retaining. Some other farming methods, such as reducing tillage or planting grass cover, have also been proven to be very helpful in saving water (Kathuria et al., 2024). 4.2 Soil and nutrient management The state of the soil is crucial to whether wheat can withstand stress. This may sound a bit cliché, but it is true. If the soil is soft and has sufficient organic matter, it not only has a strong water retention capacity, but also nutrients are more easily absorbed (Zahra et al., 2021). At this time, even if there is a little drought or heat, wheat will not easily have problems. Of course, there are many ways to improve the soil. Crop rotation is one way, and adding some soil conditioners is another. Now many places are using precision agriculture tools, such as smart fertilization systems. It is not to say that this type of technology can completely solve the problem of drought and high temperature, but at least it can manage fertilizers more scientifically, use them economically and accurately, and the pressure reduction effect is more obvious. 4.3 Planting time and density adjustments Avoiding the worst weather periods is the intuitive approach of many farmers. For example, early sowing, especially with early-maturing wheat varieties, can effectively avoid the embarrassment of encountering high temperatures during the filling period (Li et al., 2024). However, it does not mean that the earlier the better. In some places, early sowing is more likely to encounter late frosts. This depends on the specific local climate. Planting density is not a constant. If the planting is too dense, the plants will compete for water, shade, and easily accumulate heat; but if it is too sparse, the land will be wasted and the water utilization rate will be low. How to adjust the reasonable density? In fact, the key lies in whether the canopy structure is reasonable, that is, whether the leaves can "stand open and get sun" (Deihimfard et al., 2023). As long as this point can be mastered, the heat load can be reduced a lot and water can be used more efficiently. 5 Biotechnological and Omics Approaches 5.1 Transcriptomics and proteomics for stress response Now, we can use transcriptomic and proteomic techniques to more clearly see how wheat responds to drought and heat. Transcriptomic analysis can find genes that change under stress (also called differentially expressed genes, DEGs), and can also discover key transcription factors such as TaWRKY33, which are important for wheat to adapt to stress (Ullah et al., 2024). Proteomic studies can see changes in proteins, such as how much they are and whether they are modified (post-translational modifications). These changes are critical for wheat to regulate its own response (Komatsu et al., 2014). These two methods combined can help us find some useful candidate genes and provide references for future breeding and genetic modification (Shah et al., 2018). 5.2 Metabolomics and systems biology Metabolomics studies can tell us what substances wheat accumulates under stress, such as water-retaining substances (called osmoprotectants) and antioxidants that remove harmful substances (Da Ros et al., 2023). Systems biology integrates the data of genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome to see how they interact with each other (Sehgal et al., 2023). For example, by analyzing the co-expression relationship between genes, we can find some "key genes" or "regulatory hubs", which can sometimes be combined to improve wheat's stress resistance. 5.3 Microbiome engineering for stress tolerance Although not much has been said before, the microbiome is also a very promising direction. Adjusting the microbial environment around wheat, such as beneficial bacteria in the soil, can help wheat absorb nutrients better and regulate its response to drought and high temperatures (Jeyasri et al., 2021). This is actually a supplement to traditional breeding and genetic methods. If we can combine microbiome data with other omics data, we may be able to find more ways to improve wheat's resistance to stress.
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