Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 156-165 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 158 precipitation environment, is more likely to achieve higher WUE under water-saving conditions (Yu et al., 2020). Different wheat varieties have different water use efficiencies. In addition, the effect of irrigation is different at different growth stages, such as jointing, booting or filling. Another method called "active water" or "oxygenated water" has also been found to improve WUE, especially when water is scarce (Wang et al., 2022). However, it should be noted that although increasing the irrigation frequency can improve WUE, using advanced irrigation systems also requires investment. In the end, it depends on whether it is worth it and whether a good balance can be found between increasing yield and saving water (Fang et al., 2018). Figure 1 (A) Aboveground dry mass and (B) applied water use efficiency of wheat plants subjected to well-watering (ctr), continuous (cd) and pulsed (pd) drought, harvested at two time points (T1=77 d and T2=93 d after sowing). The applied water use efficiency was calculated for each pot as the ratio of aboveground plant dry mass to the cumulative amount of water received until harvest. At T2, values are given for vegetative (leaves and stems) and generative plant parts (ears). The boxes represent the interquartile ranges, whiskers extend to the 10% and 90% percentiles, respectively; solid lines show the medians, dashed lines the means. Outliers are shown as circles; when there was a significant effect of irrigation treatment, manual contrasts between selected groups were calculated and p values are given; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; (n.s.) marginally significant (p < 0.1); n.s. not significant; n=10 (Adopted from Stallmann et al., 2020)
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