Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 101-109 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 106 indeed observed that some genes related to PAV perform better and have more stable yields in field trials. This phenomenon also indicates from the side that such genes can be used as breeding markers. However, some genes seem to perform well in greenhouse experiments but lose their effectiveness in the field. Therefore, tests under different environments are necessary. Especially for structural variations like PAV that have a significant impact, conclusions cannot be drawn merely based on the data in the laboratory. Figure 2 Adverse effects of induced senescence mediated by heat stress in plants (Adopted from Hill and Li, 2022) 6.3 Breeding implications: enhanced adaptation to climate change Nowadays, high-temperature weather is becoming more and more frequent, and breeding work also needs to change its approach. Genetic information such as PAV may precisely fill the "blind spot" of traditional SNP markers and expression data. The introduction of materials carrying specific heat-responsive PAVs, such as some wild barley or local old varieties, has been proven to expand the gene pool on which breeding relies. Moreover, these rare variations often do not appear in the existing mainstream cultivated varieties. Introducing them can instead break through the bottleneck of genetic homogenization. Whether it is marker-assisted selection or whole-genome prediction, the addition of PAV can further enhance the efficiency of heat-tolerant breeding. More realistically, it also offers us a path to deal with climate change-production will not fluctuate greatly due to high temperatures, and food security will have an additional layer of protection. 7 Integration of PAVs with Multi-Omics and Phenotyping Platforms 7.1 Combining PAV data with transcriptomic and epigenomic insights Looking at the PAV data alone sometimes seems "isolated". However, once combined with data such as transcriptome and epigenetics, many previously unclear issues can be clarified. Research has found that the presence or absence of a certain gene sometimes not only affects its own expression but may also alter the activity level of an entire regulatory pathway-which is actually crucial in the formation of plant traits. Some regulatory mechanisms, if studied separately by transcriptome or epigenome, are very likely to be invisible. But when you start from "whether PAV has this gene or not", and then continue to look at its expression and modification, the entire chain becomes much clearer. This layer-by-layer research approach, although it involves a large amount of data and complex logic, often can identify regulatory relationships that traditional research methods have overlooked and is more helpful for breeding decisions (Subramanian et al., 2020).
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