Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 101-109 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 103 actually constitute a relatively independent layer of genetic diversity. What's more interesting is that local varieties and modern varieties each have their own PAV characteristics, which actually also indirectly confirms their different domestication paths and breeding histories. The close relatives of wild barley not only brought a lot of PAV that had disappeared in cultivated varieties, but sometimes also "contributed" some completely new alleles and gene quantities. Figure 1 Prediction accuracy for three different traits. Prediction accuracy for the barley inbreds for leaf angle, heading date, and plant height, for 66 cases which differ in their weights for the predictors sequence variants (SV), expression presence/absence variation (ePAV), and gene expression in seedlings (Ts). Their corresponding relationship matrices were joined with weights varying from 0 to 1 in increments of 0.1. Weights for SV and ePAV are shown at the respective scales; weights for gene expression are = 1-weight of SV-weight of ePAV. Plotted values represent medians of prediction accuracy across 1,000 cross-validation runs. Heat color schemes differ for the three traits ranging from white, indicating the respective highest value, to red for the respective lowest value (Adopted from Weisweiler et al., 2019) 3.2 Role of domestication and selection in shaping PAV distribution Not all variations are the result of natural evolution. Human choices also play a very important role in it. As barley was domesticated and cultivated varieties were continuously selected and bred, some genes were retained while
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