Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 138-147 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 143 Figure 2 Grain phenotype and agronomic traits of transgenic TaTPP-7A lines (a) Mature grains of TaTPP-7A OE and RNAi wheat lines and the WT cv. Fielder. The grains show differences in length and width. Bar = 1 cm. (b) Grain traits of TaTPP-7A OEwheat lines and Fielder. TKW, thousand kernel weight; GL, grain length; GW, grain width; GT, grain thick; GL/GW, GL/GT, or GW/GT, the ratio of GL to GW, GL to GT, or GW to GT, respectively. (c) Developing grain phenotype. (d) Grain filling rate. R2 and dashed red lines denote the correlation coefficient and the association between filling rate and transgenic lines, respectively. Bars show the standard error. (e, f, g) Phenotypes (whole plant, spike, and grain) and agronomic traits of CriTaTPPs mutants. CriTaTPPs denote the CRISPR/Cas9-edited lines of TaTPPs. Capital letters (7A/7B/7D) or italic lowercase letters (7a/7b/7d) denote the WT and mutant chromosomes. (h) Mature grains of the K-TaTPP-7A/7Bmutants (Adopted from Liu et al., 2023) 6 Associations between Spatiotemporal Transcriptomes and Grain Quality Traits 6.1 Regulatory mechanisms of starch deposition and grain filling capacity During the grain-filling process, how starch deposits and whether the grains can be filled up mainly depend on the "time point" and "location" of gene expression. Spatio-temporal transcriptome analysis tells us that core genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, such as granule-binding starch synthase I and several soluble starch synthases, are not expressed in the same way everywhere-they have obvious enrichment patterns in different tissues during the grain development stage, especially in endosperm cells. If expressed early and in the right position, sufficient starch will accumulate. Behind this, it is not just a single gene at work; a complete set of
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