Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 130-137 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 134 these experiments are not only for research but also have eventually developed a toolkit that can assist breeders and farmers in making decisions. The experience of Germany shows that if the data from multiple environmental tests is used well, it can not only help you select good varieties but also make management more precise. This approach is now being promoted globally. In the face of climate change, everyone is looking for more stable and stress-resistant rye varieties (Ghafoor et al., 2024). Figure 2 CSM-CERES-Wheat, where CSM is cropping system model and CERES is crop and environment resource synthesis, comparison of calibration scenarios (a–e), Röll et al.’s (2020) approach (f–j), and default settings (k–o) for growth stages, tiller density (tiller/m2), grain yield (kg/ha), grain density (grain/m2), and 1 000-kernel mass (TKM). BBCH, Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische industrie; RMSE, root mean square error (Adopted from Shawon et al., 2024) 6 Comprehensive Evaluation and Cultivar Selection Strategies 6.1 Integrated evaluation index system for yield, quality, and stability How to select a reliable rye variety under rain-fed conditions? Just looking at the output is not enough; quality must also be taken into account, and stability cannot be ignored either. Therefore, a multi-dimensional evaluation standard is needed. Tools such as Shukla variance and multitrait stability index have been widely used to measure how stable a variety is in different environments (Safonova and Aniskov, 2023). Of course, these values are just an entry point. To have a comprehensive understanding of the performance of a set of materials, the GT double-plot analysis method is more practical. It can simultaneously compare agronomic traits and quality indicators on one plot (Yari et al., 2018). However, not all indicators can play a decisive role. Some structural parameters such as the number of grains per spike, the number of spikes per unit area, and the harvest index, along with output items like grain quality, are the key factors that truly determine the ultimate fate of a variety (Su Leek et al., 2024). 6.2 Selection of elite cultivars and regional recommendations Choosing varieties is not about who can run faster, but about who can "run steadily" on all kinds of plots. "High yield + stability + adaptability" is basically an iron triangle. Any shortcoming in it is prone to failure. These indicators are not set on a whim; they are supported by a large number of environmental test data and
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