Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 120-129 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 127 8 Concluding Remarks The topic of disease resistance has always been unavoidable in wheat breeding. However, the combination of genetically modified organisms and resistance genes is no longer a "concept"; it does indeed offer the possibility of being able to withstand and resist for a long time. Especially when dealing with those pathogens that always "break through" in various ways, such as stem rust, some varieties have demonstrated very stable field resistance. Among them, a relatively representative case is where five resistance genes were integrated into the same locus. This "combination punch" approach not only enhances the resistance strength but also makes the genetic process simpler. In addition, new genes like Sr26, Sr61 and Sr43 have also been successfully cloned and put into use, and the gene resource library is constantly expanding. But then again, progress is one thing, but the problems still haven't lessened. Pathogens do not stop waiting for us-new variants keep emerging, and some can even bypass existing polygenic combinations. This also makes people realize that even if multiple genes are superimposed, it is not "foolproof". Moreover, from a technical perspective, we still do not know exactly how many effective genes can be stably superimposed in wheat, and it may not be clear whether the genes will "fight" with each other. In addition, practical problems are also right before our eyes. The regulatory threshold for genetically modified organisms is high, and the public's acceptance is not necessarily so friendly. All these are influencing whether these technologies can truly enter commercial breeding. Therefore, apart from the breakthroughs in the laboratory, how to better explain and promote them to the society and regulatory authorities is equally crucial. What needs to be done next might not be as simple as continuing to "stack a few more genes". Monitor the dynamics of pathogens and adjust the gene combination in a targeted manner; Discover new resistance resources from wild species and even non-host plants; Exploring more flexible and adaptable superimposition strategies must all be put on the agenda. The superposition of transgenic resistance genes does indeed offer a breakthrough approach. It's just that this path cannot be paved by a single technology. It needs to go hand in hand with precision breeding, synthetic biology and crop management, and be tailored to local conditions and needs. Only in this way is it possible to truly transform this progress into a practical force for disease resistance, stable production and ensuring food security. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their suggestions on terminology consistency, which improved the text's presentation. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Camenzind M., Koller T., Armbruster C., Jung E., Brunner S., Herren G., and Keller B., 2024, Breeding for durable resistance against biotrophic fungal pathogens using transgenes from wheat, Molecular Breeding, 44: 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-024-01451-2 Chauhan H., Boni R., Bucher R., Kuhn B., Buchmann G., Sucher J., Selter L., Hensel G., Kumlehn J., Bigler L., Glauser G., Wicker T., Krattinger S., and Keller B., 2015, The wheat resistance gene Lr34 results in the constitutive induction of multiple defense pathways in transgenic barley, The Plant Journal, 84(1): 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13001 Chen S., Zhang W., Bolus S., Rouse M., and Dubcovsky J., 2018, Identification and characterization of wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr21 effective against the Ug99 race group at high temperature, PLoS Genetics, 14(4): e1007287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007287 Chen Y., Wang W., Yang Z., Peng H., Ni Z., Sun Q., and Guo W., 2024, Innovative computational tools provide new insights into the polyploid wheat genome, aBIOTECH, 5: 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-023-00131-7 Dinglasan E., Periyannan S., and Hickey L., 2022, Harnessing adult-plant resistance genes to deploy durable disease resistance in crops, Essays in Biochemistry, 66: 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20210096
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==