Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 92-100 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 96 applied all at once but in several portions, which is more effective. For instance, first apply 100 kilograms per hectare during the tillering stage, and then add 40 kilograms during the jointing stage. This approach enables more tillers to grow into ears, and the yield will naturally increase. Medium-density planting can also make the distribution of wheat more even, the grains grow fuller, and there will be no uneven sizes. Staged nitrogen application can also increase the protein content in the grains and improve the quality of the flour. Especially when sowing is delayed by two or three weeks, this method performs more stably (Lachutta and Jankowski, 2024). 6.2 Indo-Gangetic Basin: high-density precision sowing under nitrogen-saving mode In high-yield and heavily cultivated regions such as the Indus and Ganges River basins, increasing the sowing density (405 plants per square meter) can reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used without lowering the yield. High density can make the root systems of crops more developed, absorb more nitrogen, and thus maintain high yields. In addition, precise sowing can also make up for the impact of reduced nitrogen fertilizer. This can not only ensure the output but also save resources, which is very helpful for sustainable agriculture (Dong et al., 2020). 6.3 Middle East semi-arid zone: adaptive density with water-nitrogen integration The climate in the Middle East is dry, with little water and not very fertile soil. So when growing wheat here, how to combine water and nitrogen fertilizer is very crucial. Experiments show that keeping the planting density at around 3.6 million plants per hectare, along with appropriate irrigation and the use of furrow and ridge planting methods, yields better results. This can enable water and nitrogen fertilizers to play their roles more fully, and the resources in the soil can also be better utilized. Not only did the output increase in the end, but this method also stabilized the harvest in years of drought, ensuring that farmers did not suffer losses (Figure 2) (Dai et al., 2023). Figure 2 Planting patterns of winter wheat and soil sampling positions during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons (Adopted from Dai et al., 2023)
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