1 58

TGG_2024v15n5

1 Introduction 14
2 Mechanisms of Polyploidy Formation in Triticeae 15
2.1 Types of polyploidy: autopolyploidy and allopo 15
2.2 Molecular mechanisms of genome duplication 15
2.3 Timeline of polyploidy events in Triticeae evo 15
3 Genomic Changes Associated with Polyploidy in Tr 16
3.1 Chromosomal rearrangements and genomic shock p 16
3.2 Gene duplication and its contribution to funct 17
3.3 Epigenetic modifications and polyploid stabili 17
4 Polyploidy and Agronomic Trait Improvement in Tr 17
4.1 Polyploidy-driven enhancement of yield, drough 17
4.2 Genetic and phenotypic consequences of polyplo 18
4.3 Breeding strategies leveraging polyploid trait 18
5 Gene Expression Modulation in Polyploid Triticea 18
5.1 Subgenome interaction and differential gene ex 18
5.2 Role of non-homoeologous recombination in modu 18
5.3 How polyploidy influences regulatory networks, 19
6 Applications of Polyploidy in Triticeae Crop Bre 20
6.1 Case studies of successful breeding improvemen 20
6.2 Technical challenges and solutions in incorpor 20
6.3 Future potential of polyploid crops in breedin 20
7 Challenges in Managing Polyploidy in Triticeae B 20
7.1 Difficulties in mapping complex traits in poly 20
7.2 Breeding barriers due to complex inheritance p 20
7.3 Overcoming linkage drag and sterility issues i 21
8 Future Research Directions 21
8.1 Further exploration of the long-term effects o 21
8.2 Optimization of molecular breeding techniques 21
8.3 Role of polyploid crops in addressing global c 21
9 Concluding Remarks 21
1 Introduction 25
2 Current Status of Wheat Epigenetics Research 26
2.1 Analysis of wheat epigenome and technological 26
2.2 Epigenetic regulatory elements in the wheat ge 26
2.3 Application of epigenetic tools and techniques 26
3 Major Epigenetic Mechanisms in Wheat 27
3.1 The role of DNA methylation 27
3.2 Functions of histone modifications 27
3.3 The relationship between wheat chromatin struc 27
4 The Influence of Epigenetic Regulation on Agrono 27
4.1 Regulation of yield traits in wheat 27
4.2 The impact of epigenetics on disease resistanc 28
4.3 Environmental adaptation and epigenetic regula 28
5 The Role of Epigenetics in Wheat Stress Resistan 29
5.1 Epigenetic regulation of drought resistance tr 29
5.2 Epigenetic mechanisms of salt and alkaline str 29
5.3 Epigenetics in response to temperature stress 29
6 Potential of Combining Epigenetic Modifications 29
6.1 Application of epigenetic markers in breeding 29
6.3 Integration of gene editing techniques with ep 31
7 Reversibility of Epigenetic Modifications and Th 31
7.1 Reversibility of epigenetic modifications 31
7.2 Epigenetic plasticity and rapid crop improveme 31
7.3 Case study on applying chemical substances to 31
8 Future Development Directions of Wheat Epigeneti 32
8.1 Application of emerging technologies in wheat 32
8.2 Epigenetic regulation and response to environm 32
8.3 Synergistic effects of epigenetic modification 33
1 Introduction 36
2 Botanical Characteristics of Barley: Morphology 37
2.1 Morphological structure and developmental trai 37
2.2 Ecological adaptability and environmental adap 37
3 Domestication of Barley: From Wild Grain to Mode 38
3.1 The domestication process of barley 38
3.2 The history of genetic improvement 39
3.3 The role of barley in early agriculture 39
4 Varietal Selection and Brewing Traits of Malting 39
4.1 Major malting barley varieties 39
4.2 Selection criteria for brewing barley 40
4.3 Selection for specific traits 41
5 Application of Malting Barley in the Brewing Pro 41
5.1 Role in the saccharification process 41
5.2 Contribution to the fermentation process 41
5.3 The role of barley enzymes in fermentation 41
6 Cultural and Historical Impact of Barley in Agri 42
6.1 The historical role of barley in different cul 42
6.2 The cultural connection between barley and bee 42
6.3 The economic and social status of barley 42
7 Future Directions and Research 42
7.1 Development of new barley varieties 42
7.2 Addressing the challenges of climate change 43
7.3 Application of biotechnology in barley improve 43
8 Concluding Remarks 43
1 Introduction 47
1 Introduction 4

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==