Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 234-243 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 238 In the subsequent Gene Revolution, biotechnological advancements further transformed wheat cultivation. Techniques such as Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), Genomic Selection (GS), and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing have enabled precise modifications to wheat genomes, enhancing traits such as yield, disease resistance, and climate adaptability (Figure 2) (Abideen et al., 2023; Zhao, 2024). These genetic engineering methods hold promise for addressing the ongoing challenges of food security and environmental sustainability (Hamdan et al., 2022; Abideen et al., 2023). Figure 2 Generation and Results of Wheat pinb, waxy, ppo, and psy Mutants Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing (Adapted from Zhang et al., 2021) Image caption: The figure provides a detailed analysis of the mutations in the four target genes (pinb, waxy, ppo, and psy) across different generations (T0, T1, T2, and T3), focusing on editing efficiency (EE) and mutation rates (number of mutants/total plants); The study reveals a significant increase in editing efficiency with successive generations, reaching 100% in the T2 and T3 generations. Additionally, the expression levels of the target genes in the mutants were significantly reduced, becoming almost undetectable throughout grain development; The figure also illustrates the phenotypic changes in mutant grains, the endosperm structure as observed under scanning electron microscopy, and the notable differences in grain hardness, starch composition, and dough color between the mutants and wild-type wheat (Adapted from Zhang et al., 2021)
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