Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 277-286 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 280 Figure 2 Schematic representation of various steps involved marker assisted selection for abiotic stress tolerance in plants (Adopted from Wani et al., 2018). 4.2 Metabolomics and proteomics insights into physiological adaptations under stress Metabolomics and proteomics provide complementary insights into the physiological adaptations of triticale under stress. Proteomic analyses have uncovered stress-induced changes in protein expression, particularly those involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress responses. These proteins help the plant maintain cellular homeostasis and energy production under adverse environmental conditions (Nakayasu et al., 2016). Metabolomic studies have shown that stress conditions lead to the accumulation of osmoprotectants, such as proline and sugars, which play vital roles in osmotic regulation and protection against oxidative damage. Together, metabolomic and proteomic data highlight the importance of both metabolic and protein-level adjustments in enhancing stress tolerance in triticale (Pinu et al., 2019). These findings can guide the development of new triticale varieties with improved stress resilience. 4.3 Multi-omics integration for a comprehensive understanding of stress responses The integration of multiple omics approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offers a comprehensive understanding of the molecular responses to stress in triticale. Multi-omics integration allows for the identification of interactions between different molecular layers, providing a more holistic view of the plant's stress response mechanisms. For example, integrating transcriptomic and proteomic data can reveal post-transcriptional modifications that regulate protein abundance under stress, while combining metabolomics and transcriptomics can highlight the biochemical pathways most affected by stress conditions. Recent advances in computational tools and data analysis methods have facilitated the integration of multi-omics data, enabling more accurate predictions of stress tolerance traits and guiding future breeding programs (Jamil et al., 2020). This comprehensive approach will be crucial in developing stress-resilient triticale varieties for increasingly challenging environmental conditions. 5 Application of Hybrid Breeding and Heterosis in Triticale for Stress-Prone Environments 5.1 Development of hybrid triticale varieties with enhanced stress tolerance Hybrid breeding in triticale has been increasingly explored as a means to develop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance. By utilizing the heterosis (hybrid vigor) effect, hybrid triticale varieties have shown improved resilience to a range of environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. The genomic composition of triticale, which combines wheat and rye genomes, allows hybrid varieties to harness the stress tolerance traits of both parental species. This has been particularly useful in stress-prone regions, where abiotic
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