Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 255-265 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 263 2020). Histone modifications, such as acetylation and methylation, also contribute to the dynamic regulation of gene expression in response to environmental cues (Samantara et al., 2021). Understanding these epigenetic responses can provide valuable insights into the development of wheat varieties with enhanced stress tolerance and adaptability to changing climates (Gallusci et al., 2017; Gupta and Salgotra, 2022). 8.3 Synergistic effects of epigenetic modifications and genomic adaptation The interplay between epigenetic modifications and genomic adaptation is a critical area of research for wheat improvement. Epigenetic changes can influence the expression of genes involved in key agronomic traits, such as flowering time, grain size, and disease resistance, thereby complementing traditional breeding efforts (Álvarez-Venegas and De-la-Peña, 2016). Moreover, the heritability of certain epigenetic marks across generations suggests that epigenetic variation can be harnessed as a stable source of phenotypic diversity (Kapazoglou et al., 2018). By combining genomic selection with epigenetic information, breeders can develop more accurate predictive models for selecting superior wheat genotypes (Gallusci et al., 2017). This synergistic approach has the potential to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of wheat breeding programs, ultimately leading to the development of high-performing wheat varieties that meet the demands of a growing global population (Saraswat et al., 2017; Varotto et al., 2020; Kakoulidou et al., 2021). Acknowledgments Thank you to Ms. Zhou for assisting in organizing a large amount of literature during this research process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Agarwal G., Kudapa H., Ramalingam A., Choudhary D., Sinha P., Garg V., Singh V., Patil G., Pandey M., Nguyen H., Guo B., Sunkar R., Niederhuth C., and Varshney R., 2020, Epigenetics and epigenomics: underlying mechanisms, relevance, and implications in crop improvement, Functional & Integrative Genomics, 20: 739-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-020-00756-7 Ahmed M., Tariq H., Haroon F., Malik S., Dar M., Solangi F., and Aamir S., 2023, Harnessing epigenetic modifications for targeted trait manipulation in pakistani wheat, International Journal of Precision Farming, 1(1): 50-55. https://doi.org/10.54536/ijpf.v1i1.2227 Akhter Z., Bi Z., Ali K., Sun C., Fiaz S., Haider F., and Bai J., 2021, In response to abiotic stress, DNA methylation confers epigenetic changes in plants, Plants, 10(6): 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061096 Álvarez-Venegas R., and De-la-Peña C., 2016, Editorial: recent advances of epigenetics in crop biotechnology, Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00413 Bao L., 2008, Epigenetic variation and crop genetic improvement, Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 30(4): 386-393. Barnawal D., Bharti N., Pandey S., Pandey A., Chanotiya C., and Kalra A., 2017, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance wheat salt and drought stress tolerance by altering endogenous phytohormone levels and TaCTR1/TaDREB2 expression, Physiologia Plantarum, 161(4): 502-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12614 Bhatta M., Shamanin V., Shepelev S., Baenziger P., Pozherukova V., Pototskaya I., Morgounov A., and Morgounov A., 2019, Marker-trait associations for enhancing agronomic performance, disease resistance, and grain quality in synthetic and bread wheat accessions in western siberia, G3: Genes Genomes Genetics, 9: 4209-4222. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400811 Chang Y., Zhu C., Jiang J., Zhang H., Zhu J., and Duan C., 2019, Epigenetic regulation in plant abiotic stress responses, Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 62(5): 563-580. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12901 Duarte-Aké F., Us-Camas R., and De-la-Peña C., 2023, Epigenetic regulation in heterosis and environmental stress: the challenge of producing hybrid epigenomes to face climate change, Epigenomes, 7(3): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes7030014 Dwivedi S., Scheben A., Edwards D., Spillane C., and Ortiz R., 2017, Assessing and exploiting functional diversity in germplasm pools to enhance abiotic stress adaptation and yield in cereals and food legumes, Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 1461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01461 Fang W., Fasano C., and Perrella G., 2023, Unlocking the secret to higher crop yield: the potential for histone modifications, Plants, 12(8): 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12081712
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