Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 255-265 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 260 epigenome diversity (Samantara et al., 2021; Gupta and Salgotra, 2022). High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of spontaneous epigenetic mutations (epimutations) that contribute to phenotypic diversity, which can be selected for desirable agronomic traits (Tonosaki et al., 2022). This approach complements traditional genetic markers and enhances the efficiency of breeding programs by providing new avenues for selecting traits that improve yield, stress resistance, and overall crop performance (Gallusci et al., 2017; Springer and Schmitz, 2017). Figure 2 Phenotypic Analysis of Recombinant Inbred Lines with Different TaBADH-A1 Alleles Under Drought and Salt Stress (Adapted from Yu et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Survival rate after 5 days of rewatering following 15 days of drought treatment, (B) Survival rate after 25 days of irrigation with 700 mM NaCl solution. Lines 1~5 contain the BADH-A1a allele, and lines 6~10 contain the BADH-A1b allele. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences in survival rates (Adapted from Yu et al., 2022) 6.2 Utilization of epigenetic variation in non-genetic stable inheritance Epigenetic variation offers a unique opportunity for crop improvement through non-genetic stable inheritance. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic changes can be reversible and do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. This allows for the creation of new phenotypes that can be inherited over generations, providing a source of variation that can be exploited in breeding programs (Bao, 2008; Tonosaki et al., 2022). The stability and heritability of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are crucial for their effective use in breeding strategies. Understanding the mechanisms underlying epigenetic inheritance and their impact on plant development and stress responses can help in developing crops that are better adapted to changing environmental conditions (Gallusci et al., 2017; Latutrie et al., 2019).
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