Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 244-254 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 252 changing environments. In crop breeding, polyploidy has been exploited to enhance desirable traits such as disease resistance, yield, and stress tolerance. For instance, hexaploid wheat has benefited from the introgression of genes from wild relatives, improving its agronomic performance. The ability to manipulate polyploid genomes through modern breeding techniques and next-generation sequencing has further expanded the potential for crop improvement. The future application and research directions of polyploidy in agriculture are promising. Advances in genomic technologies, such as genome sequencing and editing, provide new opportunities to explore and harness the benefits of polyploidy for crop improvement. Research should focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying polyploidy-induced phenotypic changes and their implications for crop performance. Additionally, the development of synthetic polyploids and their use in grafted crops could offer innovative solutions for enhancing crop resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly in the context of climate change. Continued exploration of the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with polyploidy will be essential for optimizing the use of polyploid crops in sustainable agriculture. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Feng for critically reading the manuscript and providing constructive feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Balao F., Herrera J., and Talavera S., 2011, Phenotypic consequences of polyploidy and genome size at the microevolutionary scale: a multivariate morphological approach, The New phytologist, 192(1): 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03787.x Bharadwaj D.N., 2015, Polyploidy in crop improvement and evolution, In: Bahadur B., Venkat Rajam M., Sahijram L., Krishnamurthy K., (eds) Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Springer, New Delhi, pp.619-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_24 Blasio F., Prieto P., Pradillo M., and Naranjo T., 2022, Genomic and meiotic changes accompanying polyploidization, Plants, 11(1): 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010125 Bourke P., Voorrips R., Visser R., and Maliepaard C., 2018, Tools for genetic studies in experimental populations of polyploids, Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00513 Chen Z., 2007, Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 58: 377-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103835 Chen Z., and Ni Z., 2006, Mechanisms of genomic rearrangements and gene expression changes in plant polyploids., BioEssays, 28(3): 240-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20374 Cheng A., Hanafiah N., Harikrishna J., Eem L., Baisakh N., and Mispan M., 2022, A reappraisal of polyploidy events in grasses (poaceae) in a rapidly changing world, Biology, 11(5): 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050636 Comai L., 2005, The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid, Nature Reviews Genetics, 6: 836-846. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1711 Corneillie S., Storme N., Acker R., Fangel J., Bruyne M., Rycke R., Geelen D., Willats W., Vanholme B., and Boerjan W., 2018, Polyploidy affects plant growth and alters cell wall composition1, Plant Physiology, 179: 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.18.00967 Gaeta R., and Pires J., 2010, Homoeologous recombination in allopolyploids: the polyploid ratchet, The New Phytologist, 186(1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03089.x Heslop-Harrison J., Schwarzacher T., and Liu Q., 2022, Polyploidy: its consequences and enabling role in plant diversification and evolution, Annals of Botany, 131: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac132 Huang G., and ZhuY., 2018, Plant polyploidy and evolution, Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 61(1): 4-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12758 Huang Y.M., and Li J.Q., 2024, Functional and structural insights from the Oryza genome: implications for crop enhancement, Rice Genomics and Genetics, 15(4): 164-176. https://doi.org/10.5376/rgg.2024.15.0017
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