Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 244-254 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 249 Figure 2 Phylogenetic Tree of Homoeologous Gene Quadruplicates Involved in Starch Biosynthesis in Triticeae Genomes (Adapted from Liu et al., 2020) Image caption: The figure displays a phylogenetic tree of homoeologous genes associated with starch biosynthesis, marked by different letters representing multiple subgenomes. Bt denotes the B subgenome of tetraploid wild wheat, Dd represents Aegilops tauschii, Ad stands for Triticum urartu, while Ah, Bh, and Dh represent the A, B, and D subgenomes of hexaploid bread wheat, respectively. Gene names in bold indicate genes that are regulated or have undergone functional changes in the starch synthesis process (Adapted from Liu et al., 2020) 5.3 How polyploidy influences regulatory networks, transcription factors, and stress response genes in Triticeae Polyploidy significantly impacts the regulatory networks, transcription factors, and stress response genes in Triticeae. The presence of multiple subgenomes in polyploid wheat leads to complex regulatory interactions that are essential for the plant's adaptation and stress responses. For instance, the transcriptional landscape of polyploid wheat during embryogenesis and grain development shows that gene expression is shaped by the contributions of the A, B, and D subgenomes, with each subgenome playing distinct roles in different developmental stages (Xiang et al., 2019). Additionally, histone modifications, such as H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, are conserved across subgenomes and are crucial for regulating gene expression during domestication and ploidy transitions (Lv et al., 2021). These epigenetic modifications help maintain genome stability and ensure proper gene function under various environmental conditions. Furthermore, the coordination of homoeologous gene expression in response to stress is facilitated by coexpression networks, which reveal extensive interactions between genes throughout the plant's development (Liu et al., 2020). This intricate regulatory framework enables polyploid Triticeae to exhibit enhanced resilience and adaptability, making them valuable for agricultural improvement. By understanding these genetic mechanisms, researchers and breeders can develop strategies to manipulate gene expression and improve agronomic traits in polyploid Triticeae, ultimately enhancing crop performance and resilience.
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