Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 244-254 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 246 several rounds of hybridization and genome duplication, resulting in its current hexaploid form (Svačina et al., 2020; Blasio et al., 2022). Figure 1 Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) Events and Their Non-Random Association with Environmental Stresses in Triticeae Evolution (Adapted from Peer et al., 2020) Image caption: The figure illustrates WGD events and their association with environmental stresses. Red crosses indicate extinction events, orange circles represent successful polyploidization events aligned with environmental stresses, light orange triangles signify delayed polyploidization followed by successful polyploidization, and dark blue diamonds indicate diploids that survived under environmental pressures. Gray squares mark WGD events that coincide with periods of global changes or extinction events. Branch color changes signify genome differentiation and rediploidization processes following chromosome doubling (Adapted from Peer et al., 2020) The timeline of polyploidy events in Triticeae evolution reveals a pattern of recurrent polyploidization, often associated with periods of environmental change or stress. These events have provided the genetic material necessary for adaptation to new environments and the development of new traits (Peer et al., 2020; Tossi et al., 2022). The repeated occurrence of polyploidy in Triticeae suggests that it is a key driver of their evolutionary success, enabling them to exploit diverse ecological niches and respond to changing environmental conditions (Huang and Zhu, 2018; Peer et al., 2020). Understanding the timeline and mechanisms of polyploidy in Triticeae can provide insights into the evolutionary processes that have shaped this important group of plants. 3 Genomic Changes Associated with Polyploidy inTriticeae 3.1 Chromosomal rearrangements and genomic shock post-polyploidization Chromosomal rearrangements are a common consequence of polyploidization in Triticeae, driven by both internal factors such as nucleocytoplasmic interactions and external environmental influences. These rearrangements play a crucial role in the initial formation, stabilization, and establishment of polyploids (Zhu et al., 2024). For instance,
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