Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 221-233 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 225 (Schreiber et al., 2022). Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to manage gene flow and optimize the genetic potential of rye. Figure 2 Clustering Analysis of 721 Samples from the Genus Secale (Adapted from Maraci et al., 2018) Image Description: The clustering analysis of 721 samples from the genus Secale using STRUCTURE software reveals population structure at different K values. At K=2, the analysis distinctly separates the perennial subspecies S. strictum from the other annual species. As the K value increases to 3 and 4, the genetic structure within the annual species is further refined, showing that samples from Asia form two distinct groups compared to those from other regions. This result highlights the impact of geographic origin on the genetic differentiation of Secale populations, particularly the significant genetic divergence between Asian and non-Asian samples (Adapted from Maraci et al., 2018) The application of genomic tools and population genetics in rye research has provided profound insights into its domestication and adaptation processes. These advances continue to shape our understanding of rye's evolutionary biology and guide efforts to enhance its performance as a vital cereal crop. 5 Adaptation to Diverse Environments Rye (Secale cereale) is renowned for its ability to thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions, making it a vital crop in regions where other cereals struggle to survive. 5.1 Environmental challenges and adaptations Rye has historically been cultivated in areas with poor soils, harsh winters, and unpredictable climates (Bahrani et al., 2021). These challenging conditions have driven the selection of traits that allow rye to cope with abiotic stresses such as drought, low temperatures, and nutrient-poor soils (Sidhu et al., 2019). For example, in regions
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