Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 206-220 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 217 well-studied Aegilops tauschii but also other species such as Aegilops umbellulata and Triticum dicoccoides, which have been shown to contribute valuable traits to synthetic wheat lines (Mirzaghaderi et al., 2020; Okada et al., 2020). Collaborative efforts between international research institutions and genebanks will be crucial for accessing and conserving these genetic resources. The integration of advanced breeding technologies, such as CRISPR and molecular markers, into breeding programs should be prioritized. These technologies can significantly enhance the efficiency and precision of breeding efforts, allowing for the rapid development of wheat varieties with improved traits. Training and capacity-building initiatives for researchers and breeders in the use of these technologies will be essential for their successful implementation. Breeding programs should focus on developing wheat varieties that are resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as diseases, pests, drought, and heat. The use of synthetic wheat lines, which have demonstrated resistance to major wheat diseases and tolerance to abiotic stresses, will be instrumental in achieving this goal (Ginkel et al., 2007). Additionally, breeding efforts should aim to improve the nutritional quality of wheat, including the development of biofortified varieties that can address micronutrient deficiencies in human populations (Aberkane et al., 2020). It is important to establish robust evaluation and testing protocols for new wheat varieties. This includes multi-environment trials to assess the performance and stability of synthetic wheat lines and their derivatives under diverse growing conditions (Zaïma et al, 2017). The involvement of farmers and end-users in the evaluation process will ensure that the developed varieties meet the needs and preferences of the target communities. The future of wheat improvement lies in the strategic integration of genetic diversity from synthetic wheat lines and the application of advanced breeding technologies. By following these recommendations, researchers and breeders can develop wheat varieties that are resilient, high-yielding, and nutritionally superior, thereby contributing to global food security and sustainable agriculture. 10 Concluding Remarks The study on leveraging genetic diversity from synthetic wheat has yielded several significant findings. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) has been identified as a rich source of genetic diversity, surpassing that of elite and landrace varieties This diversity has been effectively utilized to enhance various agronomic traits, including disease resistance, yield potential, and adaptability to abiotic stresses such as drought and heat. The introduction of novel alleles from SHW has led to the development of high-yielding wheat varieties with improved performance under diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, genomic selection and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been instrumental in identifying key genetic regions and markers associated with desirable traits, facilitating the rapid introgression of beneficial alleles into breeding programs. Synthetic wheat plays a crucial role in the future of wheat improvement by serving as a reservoir of genetic diversity that can be tapped to address the challenges posed by climate change and the growing global demand for food. The ability of SHW to introduce novel genetic variations into the wheat gene pool makes it an invaluable resource for breeding programs aimed at developing resilient and high-yielding wheat varieties. The use of SHW-derived lines has already demonstrated significant improvements in yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance, highlighting their potential to enhance wheat productivity and sustainability. As breeding techniques continue to evolve, the integration of SHW into modern breeding strategies will be essential for achieving long-term food security and agricultural sustainability. Leveraging genetic diversity from synthetic wheat is a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture. The incorporation of diverse genetic material from SHW into elite wheat cultivars not only enhances their agronomic performance but also contributes to the stability and resilience of wheat production systems. By harnessing the genetic potential of SHW, breeders can develop wheat varieties that are better equipped to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, thereby ensuring consistent yields in the face of environmental uncertainties. Moving forward, it
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