Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 173-184 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 180 potential. Genome editing technologies utilize nanoparticles for gene delivery, aiding in crop quality improvement. Nano-bullets/carriers can precisely deliver compounds to specific organelles, enhancing crop transgene efficiency. By boosting crops' resistance to pests and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides significantly improve crop yield and quality. Figure 3 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture (Adapted from Ahmar et al., 2021) However, the complexity of the hexaploid wheat genome and gene redundancy pose significant challenges to precise gene editing (Li et al., 2021). Despite these obstacles, integrating genome editing with other molecular breeding strategies, such as speed breeding and high-throughput genotyping, holds great potential for accelerating the development of elite crop varieties (Watson et al., 2017; Li et al., 2021). 6.3 Integration of genomic resources The integration of genomic resources, such as whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), has provided new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the adaptation and evolution of Triticeae crops. For instance, population sequencing of bread wheat has revealed significant introgression from wild populations, which has increased genetic diversity and facilitated adaptation to diverse environments (Zhou et al., 2020). These genomic resources are invaluable for identifying key genes involved in crop resilience and adaptation, which can be targeted for improvement through genome editing and other biotechnological approaches (Zhou et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). The use of synthetic biology and the development of universal transformation systems are also being explored to enhance the efficiency and precision of crop genetic modifications (Altpeter et al., 2016). In summary, the integration of genetic transformation, advanced genome editing technologies, and comprehensive genomic resources is driving significant advancements in the improvement of Triticeae crops. These technological innovations are essential for meeting the growing global demand for food and ensuring the sustainability of agricultural practices in the face of environmental challenges. 7 Future Challenges and Opportunities 7.1 Impact of climate change Climate change poses a significant threat to Triticeae crops, particularly wheat, which is the most widely grown food crop globally. Projections indicate a potential decrease in global wheat production by 1.9% by mid-century, with the most severe impacts expected in developing countries in tropical regions. For instance, yields in African and Southern Asian countries are predicted to decline by 15% and 16%, respectively, by 2050 (Pequeno et al., 2021). The suitability for wheat cultivation is expected to increase in middle- and high-latitude areas but decrease in low-latitude regions due to higher temperatures, heat waves, and droughts (Yue et al., 2019). Adaptation strategies, such as the introduction of new crop genetic traits (CGT) like increased heat tolerance and improved nutrient management, are essential to mitigate these impacts (Pequeno et al., 2021).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==