Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 125-136 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 132 where traits such as disease resistance have been successfully transferred from wild species to cultivated wheat, demonstrating the practical benefits of utilizing the genetic diversity within the Triticeae tribe (Merker, 2008). Furthermore, the development of genomic tools and resources, such as those provided by the transplant project, has facilitated the integration and analysis of complex genomic data, thereby accelerating the breeding and improvement of Triticeae crops (Spannagl et al., 2016). 7 Challenges inTriticeae Genetic Research 7.1 Genetic complexity and genome organization The genetic complexity and genome organization of Triticeae species present significant challenges in genetic research. The tribe includes both diploid and polyploid species, with polyploids arising from hybridization events and genome duplications, leading to intricate genome structures (Maestra and Naranjo, 2000). The large and complex genomes of Triticeae species, such as wheat, barley, and rye, complicate genetic mapping and the identification of specific genes responsible for desirable traits (Uauy, 2011). Additionally, the presence of repetitive DNA sequences and transposable elements further complicates genome assembly and annotation (Uauy, 2011). Despite these challenges, advances in molecular markers, chromosome genomics, and comparative genomics have facilitated the study of these complex genomes (Uauy, 2011). 7.2 Abiotic and biotic stress resistance Abiotic and biotic stress resistance is a critical area of research in Triticeae genetics due to the significant impact of environmental stresses on crop yield and quality. Wild relatives of Triticeae species, such as Triticum dicoccoides and Hordeum spontaneum, possess valuable genetic resources for drought and salt tolerance, which have been identified and transferred to cultivated wheat and barley (Nevo and Chen, 2010). Similarly, genes conferring resistance to diseases like powdery mildew and leaf rust have been tracked in wild relatives such as Triticum boeoticumand T. urartu, providing valuable resources for breeding programs (Hovhannisyan et al., 2018). However, the introgression of these resistance genes into cultivated varieties remains challenging due to the genetic complexity and potential linkage drag associated with wild germplasm (Merker, 2008). 7.3 Socio-economic and policy-related challenges Socio-economic and policy-related challenges also play a significant role in Triticeae genetic research. The conservation and utilization of genetic resources from wild and weedy taxa are often hindered by limited knowledge of seed physiology, seed handling techniques, and genetic diversity. Additionally, the collection and evaluation of these resources are constrained by socio-political factors, such as access to germplasm and international regulations on genetic resource exchange (Bothmer et al., 2008). Furthermore, the integration of advanced genetic research into practical breeding programs requires substantial investment and collaboration between public and private sectors, which can be challenging to achieve. Addressing these socio-economic and policy-related challenges is crucial for the effective utilization of Triticeae genetic resources in crop improvement and ensuring global food security (Lu and Ellstrand, 2014). In summary, the genetic complexity and genome organization of Triticeae species, the need for abiotic and biotic stress resistance, and socio-economic and policy-related challenges are significant hurdles in Triticeae genetic research. Overcoming these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining advances in genomics, breeding techniques, and international collaboration to harness the full potential of Triticeae genetic resources for crop improvement. 8 Future Directions and Research Priorities 8.1. Emerging trends and technologies inTriticeae research Recent advancements in Triticeae research have been significantly influenced by the integration of genomic technologies and bioinformatics tools. The development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, such as SNP-based marker systems, has facilitated the screening of genetic diversity and the introgression of desirable traits from wild relatives into cultivated species (Przewieslik-Allen et al., 2019). Additionally, the creation of
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