Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 111-120 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 117 8.2 Triticeae in europe Europe has a rich history of utilizing Triticeae species, both in agriculture and ecological management. The region's focus has been on the taxonomic classification and evolutionary relationships within the Triticeae tribe. Despite decades of research, there remain unresolved questions regarding the definition and classification of Triticeae species. These taxonomic challenges are critical as they impact the effective utilization of Triticeae genetic resources for breeding and crop improvement (Jun, 2013). The perennial species, known for their resilience to cold, drought, and alkaline conditions, are particularly valuable in Europe for both grazing and as genetic resources for improving crop breeds (Jun, 2013). 8.3 Triticeae in asia and other regions In Asia, the Triticeae tribe has been integral to prehistoric and modern agricultural practices. Archaeobotanical studies in Southwest Asia have identified Triticoid-type grains from several prehistoric sites, revealing their significance in early agricultural societies. These grains, identified as Heteranthelium piliferum, highlight the historical importance of Triticeae species in subsistence strategies (Weide et al., 2021). The region's diverse climatic conditions have also fostered a high phenotypic plasticity among Triticeae species, making them adaptable to various environmental variables (Weide et al., 2021). This adaptability is crucial for modern agricultural practices, as it provides a genetic reservoir for developing crops that can withstand diverse and changing climates (Lu and Ellstrand, 2014; Weide et al., 2021). In summary, the Triticeae tribe holds significant ecological and agricultural value across different regions. In North America, the focus is on utilizing the genetic diversity of perennial species for crop improvement. Europe grapples with taxonomic challenges that impact the effective use of Triticeae resources, while Asia's historical and modern agricultural practices underscore the adaptability and importance of these species in food security and ecological management. The global perspective on Triticeae highlights their potential in addressing food security challenges and improving agricultural sustainability. 9 Future Directions and Research Priorities 9.1 Emerging trends inTriticeae research Recent advancements in Triticeae research have highlighted several emerging trends that are pivotal for both ecological and agricultural applications. One significant trend is the increasing focus on the genetic resources of both cultivated and wild Triticeae species. These genetic resources are crucial for crop improvement and food security, as they offer a vast reservoir of traits that can be harnessed to enhance disease resistance, stress tolerance, and yield (Bothmer et al., 2008; Merker, 2008; Lu and Ellstrand, 2014). Additionally, there is a growing interest in the genomic classification and intergeneric hybridization within the Triticeae, which can guide the development of new varieties with improved agronomic traits (Ayalew et al., 2018). Another emerging trend is the application of biotechnological methods, such as genetic transformation and genome engineering, to accelerate the breeding process and incorporate desirable traits that are difficult to achieve through conventional breeding. This includes improving resistance to diseases, enhancing water and nitrogen use efficiency, and developing varieties suitable for challenging environments (Hensel, 2019) (Figure 3). Furthermore, the transcriptional reprogramming of Triticeae in response to pathogens is being extensively studied to understand the mechanisms of plant immunity and disease resistance, which can inform the development of more resilient crop varieties (Bischof et al., 2011). 9.2 Integrating Ecological and Agricultural Perspectives Integrating ecological and agricultural perspectives is essential for the sustainable utilization of Triticeae species. The ecological significance of Triticeae extends beyond their role as food crops; they are also important for forage, soil stabilization, and maintaining biodiversity (Barkworth and Bothmer, 2009). To achieve a holistic approach, it is crucial to consider the ecological roles of wild and weedy Triticeae species, which contribute to the genetic diversity and resilience of agricultural systems (Bothmer et al., 2008).
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