Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 111-120 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 113 presence of diverse plant species, including those from the Triticeae tribe, enhances soil biodiversity, which is crucial for sustaining agro-ecosystem functioning. Soil biodiversity contributes to nutrient and water use efficiencies, which are essential ecological functions in agricultural systems (Brussaard et al., 2007). 3.3 Role in biodiversity conservation The Triticeae tribe contributes significantly to biodiversity conservation. The genetic diversity within this tribe, including both cultivated and wild species, is essential for the conservation of plant biodiversity. Wild taxa of Triticeae, although less prioritized in the past, have gained attention for their role in preserving genetic diversity and providing a genetic reservoir for crop improvement (Bothmer et al., 2008) (Figure 1). Additionally, ecological farming practices involving Triticeae crops, such as the cultivation of Triticum aestivumand T. spelta, have been shown to support a diverse community of epigeic arthropods, which are indicators of habitat quality and biodiversity (Langraf et al., 2022). These practices highlight the importance of integrating less invasive agricultural methods to promote biodiversity conservation while ensuring sustainable crop production. In summary, the Triticeae tribe plays a multifaceted role in ecological and agricultural systems. Its adaptability to various environments, contributions to soil health, and role in biodiversity conservation underscore its significance in promoting sustainable agriculture and food security. Figure 1 The gene pools of the cereals and forage grasses in the tribe Triticeae (Adopted from Bothmer et al., 2008) 4 Agricultural Significance of Triticeae 4.1Major Triticeae crops and their uses The Triticeae tribe encompasses some of the most significant cereal crops globally, including wheat (Triticum spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and rye (Secale cereale). These crops are fundamental to human nutrition and livestock feed. Wheat is particularly notable for its global agricultural importance, serving as a staple food for a large portion of the world's population (Kawahara, 2009). Barley and rye, while regionally significant, also play crucial roles in food production and animal feed (Merker, 2008). Additionally, the tribe includes other valuable species such as triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye, which combines the high yield potential and quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye (Bothmer et al., 2008). 4.2 Forage and fodder: importance in livestock production The Triticeae tribe is not only vital for cereal production but also for forage and fodder, which are essential for livestock production. Many species within this tribe, particularly the perennials, are important forage grasses. These include genera such as Agropyron, Elymus, and Leymus, which are used extensively in grazing systems.
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