Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 111-120 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 112 symbiotic relationship with endophytic fungi. By identifying gaps in current research, future research directions are proposed for the protection and utilization of wheat genetic resources. By integrating multiple research findings, we hope to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of the wheat family in agriculture and its potential to address challenges in food security and sustainable agricultural practices.。 2 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Triticeae 2.1 Classification and species diversity The tribe Triticeae, also known as Hordeeae, encompasses approximately 325 species, with around 250 of these being perennials. This tribe includes some of the world's most significant forage grasses and major cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rye. The Triticeae tribe is crucial for both ecological and agricultural purposes, providing a vast genetic reservoir that can be utilized to enhance the genetic diversity and resilience of annual cereals. Despite the importance of perennials within this tribe, they have historically received less attention from cytogeneticists and plant breeders compared to their annual counterparts. 2.2 Phylogenetic relationships withintriticeae The phylogenetic relationships within the Triticeae tribe are complex and have been the subject of extensive research. The tribe includes a wide range of species that are genetically diverse, forming a large gene pool that is essential for the improvement of temperate cereals and forages. The primary gene pools of the tribe have been prioritized for collection, evaluation, and utilization due to their direct relevance to crop improvement. However, there is a growing interest in the wild and weedy taxa within the tribe, which have been relatively understudied in terms of their genetic and botanical characteristics (Bothmer et al., 2008). 2.3 Evolutionary history and domestication The evolutionary history and domestication of Triticeae species are pivotal in understanding their current genetic diversity and potential for future agricultural use. The tribe's species have evolved to occupy a wide range of habitats, contributing to their genetic diversity and adaptability (Bothmer et al., 2008). Despite the extensive collection efforts, there remain areas that have not been thoroughly explored, and many species within the tribe are still poorly understood in terms of their seed physiology, seed handling techniques, and genetic diversity. The domestication of major cereal crops within the Triticeae tribe has been a significant milestone in agricultural history, providing staple foods for human consumption and forage for livestock (Bothmer et al., 2008). In summary, the Triticeae tribe is a diverse and ecologically significant group of plants that play a crucial role in both natural ecosystems and agricultural systems. The classification, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary history of this tribe highlight its importance as a genetic reservoir for improving crop resilience and food security. 3 Ecological Roles of Triticeae 3.1 Adaptations to various environments The Triticeae tribe, which includes important cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rye, exhibits remarkable adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. This adaptability is largely due to the genetic diversity present within both cultivated and wild species of Triticeae. For instance, the perennial species within the tribe, which constitute about 75% of the total species, have been less studied but hold significant potential for improving the resilience of annual crops through genetic hybridization. Additionally, the genetic resources of wild and weedy taxa within Triticeae are crucial for crop improvement, providing a vast gene pool that can be utilized to enhance the adaptability of cultivated species to various environmental stresses (Bothmer et al., 2008; Lu and Ellstrand, 2014). 3.2 Contributions to soil health and ecosystems Triticeae species play a significant role in maintaining soil health and contributing to ecosystem services. For example, triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye, is known for its ability to utilize soil nutrients efficiently, making it ideal for reducing excess soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from manured sites (Baron et al., 2015). This nutrient utilization not only supports plant growth but also helps in maintaining soil fertility. Moreover, the
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