Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 100-110 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 107 boost grain yield through the exploitation of heterosis (Zhao et al., 2015). These technological advancements are pivotal in uncovering the hidden favorable genetic diversity in wheat genetic resources, thus enabling a targeted choice of accessions with high value for pre-breeding (Longin and Reif, 2014). Figure 3 Validation of candidate genes of the qSN5A.3/qSL5A.1/qGN5A.3/qGS5A.2 QTL for spike traits on chromosome 5A (Adopted from Pang et al., 2020) Image caption: A: LD: Local Manhattan plot and linkage disequilibrium; SL: heatmap of QTLs for spike length; GN: grain number and; GS: grain setting identified on 5AL; Only SNPs within the peak of the LD block of each QTL are shown; B: Frequency distributions of SL, GN, and GS traits for individuals in the F2 population with their parents Shimai 12 (SM12) and Shannong 4155 (SN4155) (left and right), and comparison of phenotypes between contrasting alleles at the qSN5A.3/qSL5A.1/qGN5A.3/qGS5A.2 QTL for SL, GN, and GS traits in the SM12/SN4155 population based on the KASP marker k5A4185 (middle); A is the allele from SN4155, B is the allele from SM12, and H refers to the heterozygote; C: The six annotated genes in the qSN5A.3/qSL5A.1/qGN5A.3/qGS5A.2 QTL region (top) and the three genes that are expressed in leaves and spikes at different developmental stages (bottom); KNI, KNII, KNIII, KNIV, KNV, and KNVI refer to the six early spike development stages in wheat variety Kenong 9204. Leaf.Z10, leaf.Z23, leaf.Z71, spike.Z32, spike.Z39, and spike.Z65 refer to three leaf and spike developmental Zodac stages of Chinese Spring (Adopted from Pang et al., 2020) 8.2 Potential for sustainable agriculture Wide hybridization holds significant potential for promoting sustainable agriculture. By harnessing the genetic diversity present in both wild and cultivated relatives of wheat, it is possible to develop wheat varieties that are more resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses (Ali et al., 2020). This is crucial for ensuring food security in the face of climate change and the increasing global population. The integration of alien genetic diversity into wheat breeding programs can help in developing varieties that are better adapted to emerging stresses, thereby supporting sustainable food production systems (Ali et al., 2020). Moreover, the use of cisgenic techniques to
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