Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 88-99 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 95 Figure 4 The distribution of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for physiological and biochemical traits on the B genome of the Pasban90/Frontana recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat (Adapted from Ilyas et al., 2020) Image caption: The horizontal axis represents the different chromosomes of the B genome, ranging from 1B to 7B, while the vertical axis indicates the relative positions of the QTLs; Each QTL is marked by colored segments or points, with different colors representing various physiological and biochemical traits, such as chlorophyll content, water potential, and ion concentrations; The localization of these QTLs helps to identify genomic regions that play crucial roles in regulating responses to salt stress, providing valuable insights for breeding salt-tolerant wheat varieties (Adapted from Ilyas et al., 2020) 5 Lessons Learned 5.1 Challenges in QTL mapping 5.1.1 Environmental interactions One of the major challenges in QTL mapping is the interaction between genetic loci and environmental conditions. Environmental factors such as temperature, soil type, and moisture levels can significantly influence the expression of traits, leading to variations in QTL effects across different environments. This genotype-by-environment interaction makes it difficult to identify QTLs that are consistently expressed, which is essential for their effective use in breeding programs. For instance, protein- and starch-related quality traits in wheat are heavily influenced by environmental conditions, making it difficult to consistently identify QTLs across different environments (Guo et al., 2020). Similarly, the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) by QTLs for traits such as falling number, grain protein content, and grain hardness can vary significantly across different environmental conditions (Li et al., 2020). This variability necessitates the need for multi-environment trials to ensure the stability and reliability of identified QTLs.
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