Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 77-87 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 80 4 Genetic Bases of Wheat Sensitivities 4.1. Overview of wheat sensitivities (Non-Celiac) Wheat sensitivities, distinct from celiac disease, encompass a range of adverse reactions to wheat ingestion, including wheat allergy and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). These conditions are characterized by various symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, respiratory issues, and skin reactions, which are not mediated by the autoimmune mechanisms seen in celiac disease. Wheat allergy is an immunological response to wheat proteins, often involving IgE antibodies. Genetic factors play a significant role in the predisposition to wheat allergies. For instance, polymorphisms in the interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene have been associated with sensitization to wheat flour in bakery workers, suggesting a genetic basis for the immune response to wheat allergens (Kim et al., 2012). Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is a more ambiguous condition, lacking specific biomarkers and clear immunological pathways. However, genetic predispositions may still influence susceptibility. For instance, a study by Corsi et al. (2020) using association mapping and multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population analysis found that sensitivity to ToxB is primarily controlled by the Tsc2 locus located on chromosome 2B. The Tsc2 locus on chromosome 2B is associated with sensitivity to the ToxB effector from the pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, which causes tan spot in wheat (Figure 2). This locus and other similar loci may provide insights into the genetic basis of NCWS. Figure 2 Circos plot illustrating key genomic and genic features of the ‘Synthetic W7984’ ‘super-contig’ (705 assembly scaffolds, totalling 3.47 Mb) spanning the wider Tsc2 locus, based on the ‘Chinese Spring’ region 2B: 14 040 000~30 500 000 bp (Adopted from Corsi et al., 2021) Image caption: Tracks, from outside to inside: (1) the super-contig, with size indicated in Mb, (2) tick marks to illustrate start/end points between scaffolds, (3) loops to indicate sequence homology of genes based on 91-mers, (4) histogram of transposable element density, (5) histogram of gene density, (6) candidate genes, (7) tick marks indicating the named SNPs that delineate the boundaries of the most likely Tsc2 region (Adopted from Corsi et al., 2021)
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