Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 66-76 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 72 Furthermore, the use of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing system has been a breakthrough in barley research. This system has enabled precise genetic modifications, which are essential for studying gene functions and improving agronomic traits. The majority of studies have focused on bread wheat and barley, highlighting the potential of CRISPR/Cas technology in these crops (Kuluev et al., 2022). 5.3 Emerging research in rye andTriticale Rye (Secale cereale) and Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) have also benefited from recent genomic advancements. The genetic control of compatibility in crosses between wheat and its wild or cultivated relatives, including rye, has been extensively studied. This research has led to the identification of genetic factors controlling crossing ability, which is crucial for the creation of triticale. The application of modern genomics technologies in breeding programs is expected to accelerate the improvement of both wheat and triticale (Laugerotte et al., 2022). In addition, the development of the Triticeae-GeneTribe database, which integrates 12 Triticeae genomes and 3 outgroup model genomes, has provided a valuable resource for homology inference and analysis. This database has facilitated the study of complex evolutionary histories and structural rearrangements in Triticeae crops, including rye and triticale (Chen et al., 2020). Overall, these case studies highlight the significant progress made in the genomic research of Triticeae crops, which is essential for enhancing crop productivity and meeting the demands of a growing global population. 6 Challenges and Future Directions 6.1 Technical and scientific challenges The advancement of genomic tools and molecular technologies in Triticeae, particularly wheat, faces several technical and scientific challenges. The hexaploid nature of wheat (Triticum aestivum) complicates genetic research due to its large and complex genome, which includes significant gene redundancy (Li et al., 2021). This complexity hinders precision gene modifications and the breeding of elite cultivars. Additionally, the integration of multi-omics data, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, remains a significant challenge due to the vast amount of data and the need for sophisticated computational tools to analyze and interpret these datasets (Pathak et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2021). The development of open-source tools like TRITEX for chromosome-scale sequence assembly is a step forward, but further improvements are needed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of these assemblies (Monat et al., 2019). 6.2 Integrating multi-omics data Integrating multi-omics data is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying important agronomic traits in Triticeae. Multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have been successfully applied to various crops, providing insights into growth, yield, and stress responses (Yang et al., 2021). However, the integration of these datasets poses significant challenges due to the complexity and volume of the data. Advanced computational methods and systems biology approaches are required to construct predictive models that can link genotype to phenotype and vice versa (Chen et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021). For instance, the integration of sRNAome, transcriptome, and degradome data in T. turgidum has provided valuable insights into the regulatory networks of grain development and stress response, highlighting the potential of multi-omics approaches in crop improvement (Liu et al., 2020). 6.3 Future prospects inTriticeae genomics The future of Triticeae genomics lies in the continued development and application of advanced genomic and molecular tools. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas, offer promising prospects for precise genetic modifications and the development of improved crop varieties (Kuluev et al., 2022). The use of haplotype-based approaches and high-resolution genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can enhance the precision of breeding programs by identifying and exploiting genetic diversity (Brinton et al., 2020; Pang et al., 2020). Additionally, the integration of multi-omics data with systems biology approaches can facilitate the discovery of functional
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