Triticeae Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 6 The application of these two methods in wheat stress resistance breeding has achieved important results, and researchers have successfully identified and utilized multiple QTLs and associated genes to improve wheat stress resistance. The advantage of these methods is that they can screen and breed for various adverse conditions, enabling wheat to exhibit better traits in different environments (Kumar et al., 2021). It is not difficult to find that QTL analysis and associated genetics are important tools in wheat stress resistance breeding. They help to decipher the molecular mechanisms of stress resistance and provide strong support for cultivating wheat varieties that are more adaptable to changing environmental conditions. The continuous development and innovation of these methods will further accelerate the process of wheat stress resistance breeding, and are expected to make important contributions to global food security. 3.2 Markup based selection method The marker based selection method is a widely used strategy in wheat stress resistance breeding, which fully utilizes the information of molecular markers to select and improve wheat varieties. This method achieves targeted improvement of stress resistance by analyzing the relationship between molecular markers related to stress resistance and the genetic background of wheat varieties. In order to apply marker based selection, researchers first need to identify genetic markers associated with the target stress resistance trait. This can be identified through methods such as genetic mapping, QTL analysis, and association genetics. These markers are typically located in the wheat genome and are associated with specific stress resistance traits such as drought resistance, disease resistance, and salt tolerance (Kumar et al., 2020). Once appropriate genetic markers are identified, researchers can conduct marker phenotype association analysis to determine the degree of association between these markers and specific stress resistance traits. This helps to screen out the most promising candidate markers for subsequent selection and breeding. In the breeding process, marker assisted selection methods allow researchers to directly select wheat individuals or varieties with target stress resistance traits based on molecular marker information. This helps improve breeding efficiency and reduces heavy field trials. With the development of high-throughput molecular marker technologies, such as SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers, the screening and application of molecular markers have become more efficient and accurate. These new technologies enable researchers to conduct genetic analysis on a larger scale to better understand the genetic substrates underlying wheat stress resistance. The marker based selection method helps to enrich the genetic resource pool of wheat. By identifying and preserving genetic variations related to stress resistance, researchers can better maintain and improve the stress resistance of wheat. With the continuous development of molecular biology and bioinformatics, marker based selection methods will continue to provide powerful tools for wheat stress resistance breeding. Future research will delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms of wheat to better adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions and contribute to global food security. It can be seen that marker based selection methods have become an important strategy for wheat stress resistance breeding. It provides researchers with more precise and efficient breeding methods, which is expected to provide more opportunities for improving wheat stress resistance and variety innovation. 3.3 Gene editing technology Gene editing technology is an advanced method that has emerged in wheat stress resistance breeding, providing a revolutionary way to change the genetic characteristics of wheat. This technology enables researchers to directly intervene in the wheat genome to achieve modification and precise control of specific genes. The basic principle of gene editing technology involves the use of specific proteins, such as CRISPR-Cas9, ZFN (zinc finger nuclease), or TALEN (zinc finger nuclease), to cut and repair DNA double strands. This enables researchers to insert, delete, or replace specific DNA sequences in the wheat genome (Cao et al., 2021).
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