Triticeae Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-9 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 3 biotechnology tool that uses molecular or genetic markers to predict the genetic characteristics of plant individuals or offspring. In wheat stress resistance breeding, MAS provides many significant advantages, helping to improve varieties and enhance their adaptability to different stress conditions. MAS can accelerate the breeding process. In traditional breeding, cultivating stress resistant wheat varieties requires years of complex experimentation and observation. With MAS, scientists can identify candidate plants with stress resistance related genes in a shorter period of time, greatly reducing the complex breeding cycle. MAS provides higher precision and efficiency, and traditional breeding often requires a large number of offspring plants to screen for varieties with stress resistance. This method is very time-consuming and resource intensive. In contrast, MAS can more accurately select plants with target genes through genetic markers, thereby reducing resource input and time costs (Yang et al., 2019). In addition, MAS also helps to avoid unsuitable offspring. In traditional breeding, the inability to directly observe the genotype of plants may result in offspring that do not meet expectations. MAS helps to avoid these issues and ensure the quality and targeting of offspring by providing genetic information. Most importantly, MAS has brought more choices for wheat breeding. Scientists can select specific stress resistance related genes as needed to create more diverse wheat varieties to adapt to different regions and climate conditions. Therefore, molecular marker assisted selection provides an efficient, precise, and diverse method for wheat stress resistance breeding. It accelerates the breeding process, improves breeding efficiency and resource utilization, and provides more choices for cultivating wheat varieties that can adapt to different stress conditions. This makes wheat breeding more promising and has the potential to address challenges such as global climate change, increase wheat yield, and ensure food supply. 2 Molecular Marker Technology and Applications 2.1 DNA marker types In molecular marker assisted selection (MAS), there are various types of DNA markers, each with its unique applications and advantages. Microsatellites are short repetitive sequences in DNA sequences that exhibit length variation between different individuals. This variation can be used to determine differences between individuals, and therefore has a wide range of applications in MAS. Microsatellite markers typically exhibit high polymorphism and are suitable for studying genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships within species. SNP is a single nucleotide variation in the genome and is currently the most commonly used DNA marker. Due to its richness and wide distribution, SNP markers are used for high-throughput genotyping, providing highly accurate data for MAS. SNP markers are suitable for identifying and screening various stress resistance related genes in wheat. RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) and AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers use random primers or specific restriction enzymes to generate polymorphic DNA fragments. They are widely used in MAS that do not require prior knowledge of the target gene or sequence, as they do not rely on previous gene sequence information (Al Tamimi and Al Janabi, 2019). EST is a DNA fragment obtained from transcripts, which is used to study gene expression. In MAS, EST markers can be used to identify gene expression differences related to stress resistance, which helps to select wheat varieties with higher stress resistance. CNV is a DNA fragment in the genome that undergoes copy number variation, which can affect gene expression and function. Therefore, CNV markers are used in MAS to screen wheat varieties that adapt to different stress conditions. DNA methylation is an epigenetic marker that can affect gene expression. In MAS, studying DNA methylation status can help determine differences in stress resistance among wheat varieties (Wang et al., 2021).
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