Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 56-65 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/tgg 56 Research Report Open Access Impact of Domestication on Nucleotide Diversity in Barley Qing Xu , Renxiang Cai Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: 54055006xq@sina.cn Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 2024, Vol.15, No.1 doi: 10.5376/tgg.2024.15.0006 Received: 08 Jan., 2024 Accepted: 12 Feb., 2024 Published: 21 Feb., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Xu and Cai, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Xu Q., and Cai R.X., 2024, Impact of domestication on nucleotide diversity in barley, Triticeae Genomics and Genetics, 15(1): 56-65 (doi: 10.5376/tgg.2024.15.0006) Abstract As a widely cultivated crop worldwide, barley (Hordeum vulgare) has a long history of domestication and has had a profound impact on agricultural production and human life. With the development of molecular biology technology, research on nucleotide diversity in barley has gradually deepened, providing important basis for understanding the genetic structure and domestication mechanism of barley. This study aims to analyze the impact of domestication on nucleotide diversity in barley. By comparing and analyzing the nucleotide diversity of wild barley and cultivated barley, it is found that population bottlenecks and targeted breeding during domestication have a profound impact on genetic structure. Meanwhile, the changes in adaptive genes and genomic structure of barley caused by domestication were explored, revealing the impact of domestication mechanisms on crop genetics. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the genetic mechanism of barley domestication, and provide scientific basis for variety improvement and genetic resource protection. In addition, it has reference value for other crop domestication and genetic diversity research, and is of great significance for promoting the development of agricultural biotechnology. Keywords Barley (Hordeum vulgare); Domestication of barley; Nucleotide diversity; Genetic diversity; Targeted breeding Domestication is the process by which wild species are adapted to human needs through selective breeding. This process has been pivotal in the development of agriculture, transforming wild plants and animals into forms that are more useful to humans. Domestication has led to significant changes in the genetic makeup of species, resulting in traits that enhance yield, ease of harvest, and suitability for cultivation. These changes are often referred to as the "domestication syndrome" which includes traits such as reduced seed dispersal, increased seed size, and changes in plant architecture (Smýkal et al., 2018). Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the oldest and most important cereal crops, with evidence of its cultivation dating back over 10 000 years in the Fertile Crescent (Kilian et al., 2006). It has played a crucial role in the development of agriculture and human societies. Barley is highly adaptable to different environmental conditions, making it a valuable crop in diverse agro-ecological zones. It is used for various purposes, including food, animal feed, and brewing, and continues to be a staple crop in many parts of the world (Dawson et al., 2015). Nucleotide diversity refers to the variation in DNA sequences among individuals of a species. This genetic diversity is essential for the adaptability and resilience of crops. High nucleotide diversity allows for a greater range of traits that can be selected for breeding, enabling the development of new varieties that can withstand environmental stresses, diseases, and changing climatic conditions. In the context of domestication, however, there is often a reduction in nucleotide diversity due to selective breeding practices that favor specific traits, leading to genetic bottlenecks (Kilian et al., 2006). Understanding and preserving nucleotide diversity is therefore critical for the continued improvement and sustainability of crop species (Haas et al., 2020). The aim of this study is to review the impact of domestication on barley nucleotide diversity, explore the changes in barley genetic structure during domestication, and the impact of these changes on crop breeding and genetic resource conservation. Through in-depth research on the genetic mechanisms of barley domestication, the genetic resources of barley can be better utilized, providing higher quality seeds and more efficient breeding methods for
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